A. True
B. False
A. increased hypoxemia
B. increased blood osmolarity
C. increased RBC production
D. increased blood viscosity
E. increased hematocrit
A. a self-amplifying mechanism.
B. an enzymatic amplification.
C. a positive feedback loop
D. a negative feedback loop
E. a cascade effect
A. none
B. anti-A and anti-B
C. anti-A
D. anti-B
E. A and B
A. Platelets
B. Basophils
C. Erythrocytes
D. Neutrophils
E. Eosinophils
A. Basophils
B. Monocytes
C. Erythrocytes
D. Eosinophils
E. Neutrophils
A. Eosinophils
B. Basophils
C. Neutrophils
D. Platelets
E. Monocytes
A. thrombus; embolus
B. embolism; thrombus
C. plaque; thrombus
D. thrombis; plaque
E. plaque; embolus
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. Pulmonary veins and vena cavae
B. Aorta and pulmonary veins
C. Aorta and vena cavae
D. Vena cavae and pulmonary arteries
E. Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
A. Aorta and venae cavae
B. Aorta and pulmonary veins
C. Pulmonary arteries and venae cavae
D. Venae cavae and pulmonary veins
E. Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins.
A. the visceral pericardium and the myocardium.
B. the visceral pericardium and the epicardium.
C. the parietal and visceral membranes.
D. myocardium and endocardium.
E. epicardium and myocardium.
A. fibrous skeleton
B. pericardial cavity
C. endocardium
D. myocardium
E. epicardium
A. the right and left atrium.
B. the right atrium and right ventricle.
C. the right atrium and left ventricle.
D. the left atrium and left ventricle.
E. the left ventricle and the right ventricle.
A. the right AV (tricuspid) valve and pulmonary valve.
B. the right AV (tricuspid) valve only.
C. the left AV ( bicuspid) valve and aortic valve.
D. the left AV (bicuspid) valve only.
E. the pulmonary and aortic valves.
A. breathing
B. gravity
C. valves contracting and relaxing
D. osmotic gradients
E. pressure gradients
A. sympathetic nervous system
B. autonomic nervous system
C. sinoatrial (SA) node
D. atrioventricular node (AV) node
E. cardiac conduction system
A. sinoatrial (SA) node – atrioventricular (AV) bundle – atrioventricular (AV) node – purkinje fibers – cardiocyte in LV
B. atrioventricular (AV) node – purkinje fibers – atrioventricular (AV) bundle – sinoatrial (SA) node – cardiocyte in LV
C. atrioventricular (AV) node – sinoatrial (SA) node – atrioventricular (AV) bundle – purkinje fibers – cardiocyte in LV
D. sinoatrial (SA) node – atrioventricular (AV) node – atrioventricular (AV) bundle – purkinje fibers – cardiocyte in LV
E. sinoatrial (AV) – atrioventricular (AV) node – purkinje fibers – atrioventricular (AV) bundle – cardiocyte in LV
A. ectopic focus
B. sinus rhythm
C. nodal rhythm
D. heart block
E. arrhythmia
A. bicuspid; pulmonary
B. tricuspid; pulmonary
C. tricuspid; aortic
D. mitral; aortic
E. aortic; pulmonary
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. Small arteries
B. Small veins
C. Large arteries
D. Large veins
E. Capillaries
A. tunica media; smooth muscle
B. tunica externa; vasa vasorum
C. tunica externa; valves
D. tunica intima; endothelium
E. tunica intima;
A. collagen and elastic tissue in the tunica media.
B. elastic tissue in the tunica externa.
C. endothelium in the tunica interna.
D. smooth muscle in the tunica media.
E. fenestrations in the tunica externa.
A. an aneurysm or weak point in an artery.
B. an aneurysm or weak point in a vein.
C. failure of the venous valves.
D. failure of the lymphatic valves.
E. a ruptured aneurysm in a vein.
A. hypothalamus
B. medulla oblongata
C. spinal cord
D. cerebellum
E. cortex
A. oncotic pressure
B. tissue fluid oncotic pressure
C. blood colloid osmotic pressure
D. interstitial hydrostatic pressure
E. blood hydrostatic pressure
A. oncotic pressure
B. tissue fluid oncotic pressure
C. blood colloid osmotic pressure
D. interstitial hydrostatic pressure
E. blood hydrostatic pressure
A. The difference of pressure between venules and the vena cavae
B. The expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity during ventilation
C. The suction created by the atria slightly expanding during ventricular systole
D. Widespread vasodilation
E. Contraction of skeletal muscles
A. the hepatic veins.
B. the internal and external iliac veins.
C. the inferior phrenic veins.
D. the vertebral veins.
E. the lumbar veins.
A. True
B. False
A. 5%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 50%
E. 85%
A. water
B. glucose
C. vitamins
D. amino acids
E. lipids
A. lymph node
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. pharyngeal tonsil
E. appendix
A. Impaired use
B. Redness
C. Pain
D. Heat
E. Swelling
A. the bone marrow
B. the bloodstream
C. the spleen
D. the thymus
E. the liver
A. self-immunoglobulins
B. self-antibodies
C. self-antigens
D. self-interleukins
E. self-compliment proteins
A. apoxia
B. hypoxia
C. anoxia
D. cyanosis
E. eupnea
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
B. the thoracic pump
C. the skeletal muscle pump
D. the lymphatic node pump
E. arterial pulsations squeezing lymphatic vessels
A. Lymphatic trunks; collecting ducts.
B. Lymphatic trunks; subclavian arteries.
C. Lymphatic trunks; subclavian veins.
D. Collecting ducts; subclavian veins.
E. Collecting ducts; subclavian arteries.
A. the macrophage system.
B. natural killer cells.
C. inflammation.
D. the gastric juices.
E. interferon and the compliment system.
A. inflammation
B. epsonization
C. complement fixation
D. cytolysis
E. fever
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. trachea
B. pharynx
C. larynx
D. alveoli
E. lungs
A. the aorta.
B. the pulmonary artery.
C. the pulmonary vein.
D. the inferior vena cava.
E. the superior vena cava.
A. Left Segmental Bronchus
B. Right Segmental Bronchus
C. Right Lobar Bronchus
D. Left Main Bronchus
E. Right Main Bronchus
A. Oblique Fissure
B. Hilum
C. Apex
D. Cardiac Impression
E. Base
A. Segmental Bronchi
B. Choanae
C. Laryngeal Cartilages
D. Lobes
E. Tracheal Cartilages
A. The pharynx
B. The epiglottis
C. The oral cavity
D. The tongue
E. The lips
A. Atmospheric Pressure
B. Respiratory Rate
C. Bronchiole Diameter
D. Quantity of Surfactant.
E. Contraction of the Diaphragm
A. vital capacity.
B. inspiratory reserve volume.
C. expiratory reserve volume.
D. residual volume.
E. inspiratory capacity.
A. inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume.
B. inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume.
C. expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume.
D. expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.
E. respiratory volume + tidal volume
A. carbaminohemoglobin.
B. carbonic acid.
C. carbonate.
D. bicarbonate ions.
E. dissolved gas.
A. Increased H+ level in the blood.
B. The Bohr effect.
C. Reduced blood pH.
D. Reduced oxyhemoglobin.
E. Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle.
A. An increase in membrane thickness.
B. An increase in alveolar surface area.
C. An increase in respiratory rate.
D. A decrease in membrane thickness.
E. A decrease in nitrogen solubility.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
A. hemoglobin
B. carboxyhemoglobin
C. carbonic anhydrase
D. bisphosphoglycerate
E. carbaminoreductase
A. Apoxia
B. Hypoxia
C. Anoxia
D. Cyanosis
E. Eupnea
A. Cor pulmonale
B. Pulmonary hemosiderosis
C. Emphysema
D. Atelectasis
E. Collapsed lung
A. 2400
B. 3000
C. 3800
D. 4700
E. 5800
A. The Urinary System
B. The Cardiovascular System
C. The Integumentary System
D. The Digestive System
E. The Respiratory System
A. Squamous Alveolar Cells
B. Great Alveolar Cells
C. The Pleurae
D. Ciliated Cells
E. Goblet Cells
A. urethra
B. liver
C. ureter
D. urinary bladder
E. kidney
A. medulla
B. corpscule
C. cortex
D. hilum
E. capsule
A. minor calyx
B. major calyx
C. renal medulla
D. renal papilla
E. ureter
A. glomerulus
B. medulla
C. cortical radiate veins
D. pertibular capillaries
E. vasa recta
A. renal tubule
B. renal corpsule
C. renal capsule
D. renal column
E. renal calyx
A. amino acids
B. electrolytes
C. glucose
D. vitamins
E. protein
A. Vasoconstriction
B. A drop in oncotic pressure.
C. Vasodilation of the afferent article.
D. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole.
E. An increase in osmotic pressure.
A. lungs
B. kidneys
C. liver
D. heart
E. spleen
A. Decreased urine volume.
B. Decreased urine molarity.
C. Increased urine volume.
D. Increased urine salinity.
E. Increased urine acidity.
A. K+; increases
B. NaCl; decreases
C. NaCl; increases
D. K+; decreases
E. Ca2+; increases
A. Increasing glomerular filtration rate.
B. Inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion.
C. Inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney.
D. Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct.
E. Preventing sodium loss in the urine.
A. A decrease in aldosterone production
B. Secretion of parathyroid hormone.
C. Secretion of renin.
D. An increase in blood urea nitrogen.
E. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles.
A. The collecting duct.
B. The countercurrent multiplier.
C. The countercurrent exchange system.
D. Dieuretics.
E. The length of nephrons.
A. Creatine
B. Urobilin
C. Glucose
D. Ammonia
E. Magnesium
A. Adventia
B. Two layers of smooth muscle.
C. Three layers of smooth muscle.
D. Transitional Epithelium
E. Skeletal Muscle
A. Detrusor
B. Distractor
C. Pubococcygeus
D. Corpus Spongiosum
E. Corpus Cavernosum
A. external urethral oriface
B. internal urethral sphinctor
C. prostatic urethra
D. membranous urethra
E. spongy urethra
A. the production of nitrogenous wastes.
B. glomerular filtration.
C. the countercurrent multiplier process
D. inflammation of the urinary bladder
E. the elimination of urine.
The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below.
In a state of water balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal.
The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration.
A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one.
Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7.
A. the temperature difference between compartments.
B. the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment.
C. the relative volume in each compartment.
D. the relative size of each compartment. E. blood pressure.
A. Ca2+
B. Cl-
C. K+
D. Na+
E. Pi
A. Ca2+
B. Na+
C. K+
D. Cl-
E. Pi
A. water retention.
B. edema.
C. hypertension.
D. interstitial fluid accumulation.
E. a reduction in plasma volume.
A. Na+
B. Cl-
C. Ca2+
D. K+
E. Pi
A. Ca2+
B. Na+
C. K+
D. Cl-
E. Pi
A. cells are more excitable.
B. resting membrane potential is more negative.
C. cells are partially depolarized.
D. cells are more sensitive to stimulation.
E. there is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells.
A. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
B. CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ H2CO3
C. H2CO3 CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+
D. H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
E. CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+
A. supplies the buffer system with CO2.
B. supplies the buffer system with O2.
C. expels HCO3- produced by the buffer system.
D. expels H+ produced by the buffer system.
E. expels CO2 produced by the buffer system.
A. secreting more bicarbonate.
B. secreting more ammonia.
C. secreting more sodium.
D. reabsorbing more hydrogen ions.
E. reabsorbing more ammonia.
A. metabolic alkalosis.
B. metabolic acidosis.
C. urinary alkalosis.
D. urinary acidosis.
E. respiratory acidosis.
The left lung is larger than the right lung.
A. the diaphragm
B. internal intercostal muscles
C. abdominal wall muscles
D. expiratory intercostal muscles
E. all of the above
A. the diaphragm
B. external intercostal muscles
C. elastic recoil of the lungs
D. dilation of bronchial smooth muscles
E. sternocleidomastoid muscles
A. Proximal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of the nephron loop, descending limb of limb of the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
B. Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of limb of the nephron loop, descending limb of limb of the nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule
C. Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of limb of the nephron loop, ascending limb of limb of the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
D. Descending limb of limb of the nephron loop, ascending limb of limb of the nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
A. renal arteries
B. peritubular capillaries
C. interlobar arteries
D. arcuate arteries
E. glomerular capillaries
A. glomular filtration
B. tubular reabsorption
C. tubular secretion
D. all of these
E. none of these
A. Plasma Proteins
B. Glucose Molecules
C. Amino Acid Molecules
D. Bicarbonate Ions
E. Water Molecules
A. Filtered by blood pressure
B. Excreted by osmosis
C. Secreted
D. Reabsorbed
E. Excreted
A. Filtered by blood pressure
B. Excreted by osmosis
C. Secreted
D. Reabsorbed
E. Excreted
Glomular filtrate is nearly protein free.
A. sacral portion of the spinal cord
B. medulla oblongata
C. urinary bladder
D. hypothalamus
E. brain
A. female urethral pathway is shorter.
B. male is more resistant to infections.
C. female bladder is larger.
D. male bladder is thicker.
E. female is less resistant to infections.
The urethra transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Lymphocytes secrete antibodies, coordinate action of other immune cells, and serve in immune memory.
A. Insulin
B. Creatine
C. Bilirubin
D. Albumin
E. Creatinine
A. fibrinogen
B. nitrogenous wastes
C. platelets
D. glucose
E. albumin
A. thymus.
B. spleen.
C. red bone marrow.
D. yellow bone marrow.
E. liver.
A. stomach and small intestine.
B. red bone marrow.
C. spleen and liver.
D. lymph nodes and thymus.
E. stomach and liver.
If the SA node is damaged, nodal rhythm is sufficient to sustain life.
Papillary muscles prevent the AV valves from prolapsing (bulging) excessively into the atria when the ventricles contract.
A. vasodilation; decrease
B. vasoconstriction; increase
C. vasoconstriction; oscillation
D. vasoconstriction; decrease
E. vasodilation; increase
A. 1
B. 2
C. 0
D. 7
E. 4
A. heparin; histamine
B. selectin; prostaglandin
C. prostaglandins; selectin
D. bradykinin; histamine
E. histamine; heparin
A. thymus
B. spleen
C. appendix
D. lymph node
E. palatine tonsil
A. artificial specific immunity.
B. natural passive immunity.
C. artificial active immunity.
D. artificial passive immunity.
E. natural active immunity.
A. pneumonia
B. pneumothorax
C. dyspnea
D. tuberculosis
E. rhinitis
A. the pontine respiratory group.
B. the medulla oblongata.
C. the dorsal respiratory group.
D. the ventral respiratory group.
E. the pons.
Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding site.
A. glomerular capillaries
B. collecting duct
C. proximal convoluted tubule
D. distal convoluted tubule
E. renal corpuscle
A. aldosterone
B. sodium chloride
C. azotemia
D. angiotensin II
E. parathyroid hormone
A. loops of Henle
B. glomeruli
C. proximal convoluted tubules
D. collecting ducts
E. distal convoluted tubules
A. descending limb of the nephron loop
B. medullary portion of the collecting duct
C. distal convoluted tubule
D. glomerulus
E. proximal convoluted tubule
Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion.
Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion.
Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus.
A. Tissue (interstitial) fluid
B. Lymph
C. Intracellular fluid
D. Transcellular fluid
E. Blood plasma
A. metabolic water; sweat
B. drinking; urine
C. drinking; radiation
D. metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
E. drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air
A. It stimulates angiotensin II secretion.
B. It inhibits salivation and thirst.
C. It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
D. It promotes water conservation.
E. It targets the cerebral cortex.
A. ADH release is inhibited.
B. The kidneys produce less urine.
C. The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
D. The renal tubules reabsorb more water.
E. ADH release is stimulated.
A. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
B. Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorous
C. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
D. Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
E. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water
A. glycolipids
B. glycoproteins
C. ATP
D. nucleic acids
E. amino acids
A. They form myelin around nerve fibers.
B. They form skeletal muscle fibers.
C. They provide cushioning around soft organs.
D. They form the structure of some hormones.
E. They form the plasma membrane structure.
A. The small intestine
B. The liver
C. The gallbladder
D. The pancreas
E. The diet
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Lactic acid
D. Glucose
E. Pyruvic acid
A. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport
B. Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation
C. Glycolysis; pyruvic acid reduction
D. Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
E. Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis
A. It directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD+ and FAD.
B. It directly receives electrons and protons from NAD+ and FAD.
C. It transports electrons to the mitochondrion.
D. It is the only substrate of aerobic respiration.
E. It is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Glucose
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon dioxide
E. Lactic acid
A. fructose; seminal vesicles
B. prostaglandins; prostate gland
C. seminogelin; prostate gland
D. sucrose; bulbourethral gland
E. semen; seminiferous gland
Testosterone stimulates development of the secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and libido.
A. low sperm count.
B. the inability to fertilize an egg.
C. low levels of testosterone.
D. a lack of seminal fluid during ejaculation.
E. the inability to have an erection.
The proliferative phase of the uterus is driven by estrogen from the ovaries.
A. endometrium
B. perimetrium
C. uterine tube
D. vagina
E. myometrium
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B. Androgens
C. Estrogens
D. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
E. Progesterone
Prolactin is secreted during pregnancy to stimulate milk synthesis so that milk will be available by the time the infant is born.
A. arcuate
B .internal iliac
C. ovarian
D. spiral
E. uterine
Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cell of the mammary acini.
A. labia minora.
B. labia majora.
C. mammary gland.
D. vagina.
E. clitoris.
A. corpus albicans; estrogen and progesterone
B. corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone
C. corpus albicans; progesterone
D. corpus albicans; FSH and LH
E. corpus luteum; FSH and LH
A. embryo, zygote, blastocyst, cleavage, morula, fetus
B. zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus
C. zygote, embryo, morula, blastocyst, cleavage, fetus
D. cleavage, zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus
E. zygote, morula, blastocyst, cleavage, embryo, fetus
A. a few days before ovulation to less than a day after.
B. a few days after ovulation.
C. less than a day before ovulation to less than a day after.
D. a few days before ovulation to a few days after.
E. a few days before ovulation.
A. the neural tube and yolk sac have formed.
B. all of the organ systems are present.
C. the mesoderm has formed.
D. all the primary germ layers are formed.
E. the amniotic cavity has formed.
A. yolk sac
B. amnion
C. chorion
D. allantois
E. chorionic villus
A. ligamentum arteriosum; foramen ovale
B. foramen ovale; ductus venosus
C. ductus arteriosus; ductus venosus
D. ligamentum venosum; ligamentum arteriosum
E. ductus venosus; ductus arteriosus
A. the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
B. the ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum.
C. the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus.
D. the fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein.
E. the umbilical vein and umbilical arteries.
A. bone calcification begins
B. meconium accumulates in the intestines
C. the body is covered with lanugo
D. the eyes are fully open
E. the central nervous system begins to form
A. maternal arteries.
B. umbilical arteries.
C. placental sinus.
D. umbilical vein.
E. maternal vein.
A. Oxygen and nutrients; wastes
B. Wastes and nutrients; oxygen and carbon dioxide
C. Wastes; nutrients and oxygen
D. Carbon dioxide and oxygen; wastes
E. Carbon dioxide; nutrients
A. the premature period.
B. senescence.
C. the neonatal period.
D. the transitional period.
E. infancy.
A. ductus venosus
B. umbilical vein
C. foramen ovale
D. ductus arteriosus
E. umbilical artery
A. circulatory
B. nervous
C. muscular
D. skeletal
E. integumentary
A. production of very thick respiratory mucus.
B. deficiency of pulmonary surfactant.
C. overinflated alveoli.
D. underdeveloped respiratory epithelium.
E. pulmonary edema.
A. circulatory
B. respiratory
C. muscular
D. integumentary
E. nervous