Combo Chap 13 & 14

Spinal cord conducts signals up and down the body passing through gray and white matter, respectively.

Cervical and lumbar enlargements are wide points in the cord marking the emergence of motor nerves.

Each portion of the spinal cord served by a spinal nerve is called a segment of the cord.

Nerve fibers in a given tract in the white matter are similar in origin, destination, and function.

Motor signals typically begin in an upper motor neuron in the thalamus.

Most nerves are motor nerves.

A nerve fiber is enclosed in its own fibrous sleeve called perineurium

A ganglion is a swelling along a nerve containing cell bodies of peripheral neurons.

A dermatome is a nerve innervating a specific region in the skin.

Posterior root ganglia contain somas of unipolar neurons

Somatic reflexes are responses of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.

The stretch reflex is a tendency of a muscle to stretch when it is overcontracted.

A stretch reflex is often accompanied by reciprocal inhibition.

The tendon reflex is the inhibition of a muscle contraction that occurs when its tendon is excessively stretched.

The cross extension reflex is the contraction of the extensors on one side of the body when the flexors are contracted on the other side

The upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles begin with a soma in

The signals that control your handwriting travel down the spinal cord in

Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in

Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglia?

The spinal cord is divided into all of the following regions except

The following are all functions associated with the spinal cord except

Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury

This figure shows a detail of the spinal cord, meninges and spinal nerves. What does “1” represent?

This figure shows a detail of the spinal cord, meninges and spinal nerves. What does “4” represent?

Epidural anesthesia is introduced in the epidural space between ___ to block pain signals during pregnancy.

This figure shows a cross section of the spinal cord. What does “3” represent?

Cerebrospinal fluid fills in the space between

Which of the following structures is the richest in lipid content?

Gray matter contains

___ carry motor commands from the brain along the spinal cord

Second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the

___ keep(s) nerve fibers insulated from one another.

___ fibers innervate eyes and ears.

A ganglion is a

There are __ pairs of spinal nerves.

This figure shows the anatomy of a nerve. What does “3” represent?

This figure shows the posterior aspect of spinal nerve roots and plexuses. What does “3” represent?

This figure shows the posterior aspect of spinal nerve roots and plexuses. What does “2” represent?

The ventral rami of the spinal nerves form nerve plexuses in all regions except

The cervical plexus gives origin to the ___ nerve(s

Which of the following nerves originates in the coccygeal plexus?

This figure shows a dermatome map. A patient with no sensation in the left thumb would probably have a nerve damaged in

Which of these is an ascending tract of the spinal cord?

A mixed nerve consists of both

Which of the following branches of a spinal nerve have somas of solely sensory neurons?

The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the

Somatosensory refers to these sensory signals except the sensory signals from

Neurosomas of the posterior root are located in the ___, whereas neurosomas of the anterior root are located in the ___.

A ___ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous ___.

Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex?

Which of the following groups of muscles have the most muscle spindles?

These are all properties of reflexes except

A muscle spindle contains mostly

A nurse pricks your finger to type your blood. You flinch at the pain, pulling your hand back. This is called the

The quickest reflex arcs involve only two neurons, thus forming __ reflex arcs.

The flexor (withdrawal) reflex employs a ____, which maintains a sustained contraction.

If a bee sting on the right thigh causes a quick involuntary reaction of the right arm, this would be an example of

The sensitivity of the muscle spindle is maintained by

The fibers that carry action potentials to cause skeletal muscle to contract are

You go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts. Your head starts to lower a little but this reflex causes your head to rise. This is called the

In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to

A reflex where the sensory input and motor output are on opposite sides of the spinal cord is called a(n) _____ reflex arc.

The tendon reflex

This reflex shows the least synaptic delay.

Tendon organs are

Because the ANS is a visceral motor system, afferent pathways are of no importance and actually are rarely found.

The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS.

The gray rami communicantes consist of myelinated postganglionic fibers.

Splanchnic nerves are mixed motor and sensory nerves.

The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.

The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division.

The sympathetic chain is composed of collateral ganglia.

Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.

Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control.

Alpha-adrenergic effects are usually stimulatory and mediatory.

The adrenal medulla is considered a “misplaced” sympathetic ganglion by some.

Acetylcholine is the substance released by the axonal endings of the somatic efferent fibers and by the parasympathetic nerve fiber endings.

Most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system.

Through direct neural stimulation, the sympathetic division promotes many metabolic effects via hormone release.

Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system.

The ANS stimulates smooth and skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates cardiac muscles only.

Norepinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers.

Autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia only.

The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.

The chain ganglion, like the dorsal root ganglion, contains soma from sensory neurons.

Most blood vessels are innervated by the sympathetic division alone.

The blood vessels of the skin are one of the few areas of the body where the vessels are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Events recorded in a lie detector examination are controlled by the sympathetic division.

All splanchnic nerves are sympathetic.

Splanchnic nerves pass through the abdominal aortic plexus.

The structures that specifically exhibit vasomotor tone are mostly under sympathetic control.

Because many of the same cardiac cells are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, the influence of the two divisions on the heart is synergistic.

β-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart.

Autonomic reflex centers occur in the spinal cord, medulla, and midbrain.

Cranial nerves III, VII, and IX supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head; however, only the preganglionic fibers lie within these three pairs of cranial nerves.

Because parasympathetic fibers never run in spinal nerves, rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division.

Rami communicantes are designated white or grey to indicate whether or not the fibers passing through them are myelinated.

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.
A) parasympathetic innervation
B) sympathetic stimulation
C) vagus nerve activity
D) neurosecretory substances

Which of the following does not describe the ANS?
A) a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
B) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
C) involuntary nervous system
D) general visceral motor system

Preparing the body for the “fight-or-flight” response is the role of the ________.
A) sympathetic nervous system
B) cerebrum
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following except ________.
A) their effectors
B) their efferent pathways
C) to some degree in target responses to their neurotransmitters
D) all of the neurotransmitters

A drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be ________.
A) anticholinesterase
B) epinephrine
C) norepinephrine
D) a beta-blocker

The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________.
A) ciliary ganglion
B) pterygopalatine ganglion
C) submandibular ganglion
D) otic ganglion

Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________.
A) constriction of most blood vessels
B) dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles
C) increase of heart rate and force
D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve number ________.
A) V
B) VII
C) X
D) XII

The “resting and digesting” division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.
The “resting and digesting” division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.
A) parasympathetic division
B) sympathetic division
C) somatic division
D) peripheral nervous system

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.
A) medulla
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus

Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
A) smooth muscle
B) cardiac muscle
C) skeletal muscle
D) most glands

Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?
A) salivation
B) dilation of the pupils
C) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera
D) elimination of urine

Which of the following statements is not true?
A) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.
B) Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic are close to visceral organs served.
C) Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.
D) Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers.

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.
A) inactivation of ACh is fairly slow
B) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
C) preganglionic fibers are short
D) preganglionic fibers are long

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?
A) second cervical
B) third lumbar
C) first coccyx
D) first thoracic

Autonomic ganglia contain ________.
A) an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons
B) synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors
C) the cell bodies of motor neurons
D) both somatic afferent and efferent neurons

The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision.
A) optic
B) oculomotor
C) trochlear
D) abducens

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________.
A) white rami communicantes
B) gray rami communicantes
C) spinal nerves
D) splanchnic nerves

Which of the following is not a plexus of the vagus nerve?
A) cardiac
B) pulmonary
C) celiac
D) esophageal

Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.
A) visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons
B) somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not possess
C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
D) visceral arcs do not use integration centers

The parasympathetic tone ________.
A) prevents unnecessary heart deceleration
B) accelerates activity of the digestive tract
C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract
D) causes blood pressure to rise

Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the following?
A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
B) synapase with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
C) ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
D) pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron

The white rami communicantes ________.
A) are found only in the – cord segments
B) are unmyelinated
C) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain
D) carry postganglionic fibers to the periphery

Beta-blockers ________.
A) increase a dangerously low heart rate
B) decrease heart rate and blood pressure
C) have widespread sympathetic effects
D) are potent antidepressants

Erection of the penis or clitoris ________.
A) is primarily under sympathetic control
B) is primarily under parasympathetic control
C) is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input
D) depends very little on autonomic activation

Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?
A) regulation of pupil size
B) regulation of cardiac rate
C) regulation of respiratory rate
D) regulation of body temperature

Raynaud’s disease ________.
A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities
B) is induced by heat stress
C) occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord
D) is frequently life threatening

Autonomic dysreflexia ________.
A) is also known as autonomic areflexia
B) involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
C) usually precedes spinal shock
D) results from overexcitatory input from the cortex

Which sympathetic fibers form the splanchnic nerve?
A) those that synapse with parasympathetic fibers
B) those that synapse in the same trunk ganglion they entered
C) those that synapse with somatic fibers
D) those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia

In aging, autonomic inefficiency is often due to ________.
A) clogging of preganglionic axon terminals with filaments
B) cerebral hemorrhage
C) major loss of axons
D) peripheral vascular changes

Where would you not find an autonomic ganglion?
A) in the head
B) in the cervical region
C) close to the visceral effectors they serve
D) in the armpit

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.
A) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
B) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
D) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________.
A) lumbar splanchnic nerves
B) cephalic plexus
C) pelvic nerves
D) tenth cranial nerve

The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.
A) sympathetic trunk
B) phrenic nerve
C) vagus nerve
D) sacral nerve

Parasympathetic functions include ________.
A) a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction
B) allowing the body to cope with an external threat
C) lens accommodation for close vision
D) mobilizing storage energy sources

Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________.
A) lateral horn of the spinal cord
B) hypothalamus
C) lateral geniculate of the thalamus
D) inferior colliculus

The possibility of some control over autonomic responses is demonstrated by ________.
A) split brain studies
B) stress-induced hypertension
C) biofeedback
D) nightmares

The vagus nerve does not innervate the ________.
A) pancreas
B) kidneys
C) parotid gland
D) gallbladder

The sympathetic division is often casually referred to as the ________ system.

Two major classes of adrenergic receptors, ________ and ________, are found in the ANS.

Sweat glands are innervated by the ________ fibers alone.

The ________ division alone stimulates the lens of the eye.

The two cholinergic receptor types are ________ and ________.

The ________ receptor type is used by the heart, and when activated increases heart rate.

The only sympathetic preganglionic neuron to go directly to an organ is one branch of the ________ splanchnic nerve.

Pain from the diaphragm will be referred to the anterior cutaneous area of the ________.

The parasympathetic division uses only ________ as a neurotransmitter in the ganglionic neurons.

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.
A) parasympathetic innervation
B) sympathetic stimulation
C) vagus nerve activity
D) neurosecretory substances

Which of the following does not describe the ANS?
A) a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
B) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
C) involuntary nervous system
D) general visceral motor system

Preparing the body for the “fight-or-flight” response is the role of the ________.
A) sympathetic nervous system
B) cerebrum
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following except ________.
A) their effectors
B) their efferent pathways
C) to some degree in target responses to their neurotransmitters
D) all of the neurotransmitters

A drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be ________.
A) anticholinesterase
B) epinephrine
C) norepinephrine
D) a beta-blocker

The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________.
A) ciliary ganglion
B) pterygopalatine ganglion
C) submandibular ganglion
D) otic ganglion

Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________.
A) constriction of most blood vessels
B) dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles
C) increase of heart rate and force
D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve number ________.
A) V
B) VII
C) X
D) XII

The “resting and digesting” division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.
The “resting and digesting” division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.
A) parasympathetic division
B) sympathetic division
C) somatic division
D) peripheral nervous system

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.
A) medulla
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus

Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
A) smooth muscle
B) cardiac muscle
C) skeletal muscle
D) most glands

Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?
A) salivation
B) dilation of the pupils
C) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera
D) elimination of urine

Which of the following statements is not true?
A) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.
B) Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic are close to visceral organs served.
C) Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.
D) Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers.

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.
A) inactivation of ACh is fairly slow
B) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
C) preganglionic fibers are short
D) preganglionic fibers are long

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?
A) second cervical
B) third lumbar
C) first coccyx
D) first thoracic

Autonomic ganglia contain ________.
A) an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons
B) synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors
C) the cell bodies of motor neurons
D) both somatic afferent and efferent neurons

The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision.
A) optic
B) oculomotor
C) trochlear
D) abducens

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________.
A) white rami communicantes
B) gray rami communicantes
C) spinal nerves
D) splanchnic nerves

Which of the following is not a plexus of the vagus nerve?
A) cardiac
B) pulmonary
C) celiac
D) esophageal

Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.
A) visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons
B) somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not possess
C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
D) visceral arcs do not use integration centers

The parasympathetic tone ________.
A) prevents unnecessary heart deceleration
B) accelerates activity of the digestive tract
C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract
D) causes blood pressure to rise

Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the following?
A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
B) synapase with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
C) ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
D) pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron

The white rami communicantes ________.
A) are found only in the – cord segments
B) are unmyelinated
C) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain
D) carry postganglionic fibers to the periphery

Beta-blockers ________.
A) increase a dangerously low heart rate
B) decrease heart rate and blood pressure
C) have widespread sympathetic effects
D) are potent antidepressants

Erection of the penis or clitoris ________.
A) is primarily under sympathetic control
B) is primarily under parasympathetic control
C) is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input
D) depends very little on autonomic activation

Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?
A) regulation of pupil size
B) regulation of cardiac rate
C) regulation of respiratory rate
D) regulation of body temperature

Raynaud’s disease ________.
A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities
B) is induced by heat stress
C) occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord
D) is frequently life threatening

Autonomic dysreflexia ________.
A) is also known as autonomic areflexia
B) involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
C) usually precedes spinal shock
D) results from overexcitatory input from the cortex

Which sympathetic fibers form the splanchnic nerve?
A) those that synapse with parasympathetic fibers
B) those that synapse in the same trunk ganglion they entered
C) those that synapse with somatic fibers
D) those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia

In aging, autonomic inefficiency is often due to ________.
A) clogging of preganglionic axon terminals with filaments
B) cerebral hemorrhage
C) major loss of axons
D) peripheral vascular changes

Where would you not find an autonomic ganglion?
A) in the head
B) in the cervical region
C) close to the visceral effectors they serve
D) in the armpit

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.
A) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
B) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
D) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________.
A) lumbar splanchnic nerves
B) cephalic plexus
C) pelvic nerves
D) tenth cranial nerve

The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.
A) sympathetic trunk
B) phrenic nerve
C) vagus nerve
D) sacral nerve

Parasympathetic functions include ________.
A) a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction
B) allowing the body to cope with an external threat
C) lens accommodation for close vision
D) mobilizing storage energy sources

Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________.
A) lateral horn of the spinal cord
B) hypothalamus
C) lateral geniculate of the thalamus
D) inferior colliculus

The possibility of some control over autonomic responses is demonstrated by ________.
A) split brain studies
B) stress-induced hypertension
C) biofeedback
D) nightmares

The vagus nerve does not innervate the ________.
A) pancreas
B) kidneys
C) parotid gland
D) gallbladder

Regeneration within the CNS

Transduction refers to conversion of

Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors?

The trochlear nerve conveys proprioceptor impulses from the ___________ to the brain.

The cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved in regulating motor activity, starting and stopping movements, and coordination postural movements.

In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would _________.

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of sensory perception?

_______________ do NOT exhibity the property of adaptation.

Choose a FALSE statement about nerves.

Which receptors adapt most slowly?

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or regions that nerve supplies?

The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the __________ nerve.

All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the _______.

Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation?

Nerves that only carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS) are called _______.

The patellar “knee jerk” reflex is an example of a(n) _________.

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are _________.

Why might an individual experience the phenomenon known as “referred pain”?

Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ____________.

Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by _____________.

Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ____________.

A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve has been damaged?

A fall or an improperly delivered gluteal injection could result in _________.

The __________ nerve is NOT a branch of the trigeminal nerve.

The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ___________.

Autonomic dysreflexia ____________.

The parasympathetic tone ___________.

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Oculomotor nerves are responsible for which of the following functions?

The “resting and digesting” division of the autonomic nervous system is the _________.

Which of the following is NOT an antagonistic effect of the sympathetic nervous system?