A & P Exam 3 Nervous System

central nervous system contains brain and the spinal cord

peripheral nervous system consisting of nerves and ganglia that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord

the division of the PNS that provides the motor innervation of skeletal muscles; voluntary nervous(skeletal muscle) system

innervated skin segmented by cutaneous sensory branches of a single spinal nerve {areas of body or cell junctions composed of thickened plasma membranes joined by filaments (skin segments) supply the body and other organs with nerves}

involuntary nerve neurons reflexes or activation of glands and or smooth and cardiac muscles in the PNS

cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals actin potentials and graded potentials)

nerves that contain processes of sensory neurons and carry impulses to the CNS

nerves that carry impulses leaving the brain and spinal cord , destined for effectors (signals away from the CNS to PNS)

enlargement in a nerve; collection nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

multiple or many neurons impulses activating a single axon (sensory)

one axon synapses or activates on many neurons (motor)

located in the PNS

located in the spinal cord

located in receptor ending; respond to stimuli

nerve: bundle of axons in the PNS; tract is a collection of axons in the CNS with the same origin, termination, and function.

junction of neurons that innervate a single or particular area, organ or place in the body, involves cranial nerve X

nerve or neuron impulses; what makes things happen in the body ( long membrane of muscle cells or nerve fibers)

non-excitable cells of neural tissue that support, protect, and insulate the neurons; glial cells

white matter; surround axons of nerves, cell membrane that causes impulses to travel faster; fatty insulating sheath surround all the smallest nerve fibers from fluids

CNS supporting cell that composes myelin sheaths (cell wraps a few/multiple axons)

PNS supporting cell; forms myelin sheaths and is vital peripheral nerve fiber regeneration

the chemical messengers released by neurons; may upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit those neurons or effector cells.

myelinated tissue only on axon located in the white substance of the CNS; impulses travel much faster, myelinated nerve fibers

unmyelinated tissue; gray area in the CNS; contains neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites; travel much slower

protective coverings of CNS

toughest thick, outermost covering of the brain and spinal cord

weblike; middle layer fairly thick, holds most of the fluid

delicate, very thin covering over the neurological (spinal) tissue (vascularily feeds spinal tissue; richly invested with tiny blood vessels; brain like cell phone wrap)

the dura space between the meninges and bone filled with fatty tissue in the spinal cord

plasmalike fluid that fills the CNS cavities, surround CNS externally; fluid protects the brain and spinal cord

cavities inside the brain; paired, inferiorly located chambers that function as major blood pumps (spaces inside the brain, or extend to the brain)

compartments in the brain that produce CSF; and secrete fluid through membranes

knoblike projections; absorb cerebrospinal fluid into the venous blood of the sinus( part of circulation area)

bundle of nerves that run from the brain to the first and third lumbar vertabrae and provides conduction pathway to and from the brain

large nerve which enters the posterior end of the spinal cord (sensory)

mass of cell bodies in the sensory root neuron

large nerve which exits/leaves the anterior the ventral surfase of the spinal cord motor root (sensation)

central cone in the center of the spinal column and end unit of the spinal cord

mass of nerves that depart at the conus medullaris (sacrom); looks like a hairy horse tail/many hairs.

outward fold of the surface of the cerebral cortex

a furrow on the brain; shallow grooves (less deep than fissure)

deepest depression or inward folds in the brain; a groove or cleft (seperate large region of the brain)

landmark, a cleft seperating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes of the brain

primary somatosenory cortex; function touch, body awareness (associated with motor signals/ muscle origin); bordering the central sulcus anteriorly

somato sensory cortex, outside layer of brain; primary motor cortex voluntary movement control-sensory of touch; posteriorly

involved in regulation of voluntary or rhythmic movement; gray mater at the base of the cerebral hemisphere

intergration of sensory reception and memory; personality or life experiences (functional brain system involved in the emotional responses and memory formation)

awareness of limbs or parts of the body (located in the tendons or base of joint, and muscle)
function: locomotion, posture, and muscle tone

pain receptors; sensitive to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain

must be touched or moved for muscle to contraction to activate (physical or mechanical)

sensory system for sense of hearing , has hairs and includes both the sensory organs (ears) and auditory parts of the sensory system

located in the balance organ; use mechanical or operation cause/function require body movements to stimulate hairs; inner ear, larynx, nose

senses work in straight line sensations or up and down/longitudial (central vision; light sensative layer of tissue lining the interior of the back of the eye; small spot, where vision is the keenest in the retina)

rotational movements

mechnical receptor stimulated

sense chemicals dissolve in body fluid; receptor sensitive to various chemicals in solutions

modified cilia projecting from olfactory cells in the mucosa of the nasal olfactory area. (not hairs but are dendrites/receivers)

a long, spindlelike protrusion of epithelial cells that responds to dissolved chemicals (salvia) or several primary tastes, sweets, salty, tastes, bitter, etc.

specialized receptor cells that respond to light energy; and are sensitive to light located in the eye; rods and cones

part of eye sees dim light, black and white and shades of gray in the retina

part of eye responsible for color vision; requires bright light

three bones in the middle ear

a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus. (looks like hammer)

a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.

a small stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear,transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear. (touches the oval window)

outside, voluntary skeletal muscle that control movement of eyeball (II, IV, VI)( The extrinsic muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system(voluntary)

The intrinsic muscles control the lens and pupil. The intrinsic eye muscles, (including the iris sphincter, radial pupilodilator muscles and the ciliary muscle), are under the control of the autonomic nervous system(involuntary)

A part of the nervous system that regulates key involuntary functions of the body, including the activity of the heart muscle; the smooth muscles, including the muscles of the intestinal tract; and the glands.

causes things to increase (up regulation) or increase body activity (accelerates the heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure)

rest/digest (system which slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles.) decrease regulation

autonomic motor neuron that has its own cell body in the CNS and projects its axon on a peripheral ganglion (short)

its cell body in peripheral ganglion and projects its axon to an effector; come out cervical/lumbar(long )

collection of sympathetic or parasymathetic postganglionic neuronal cell bodies

a short motor neurons branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body. (**responsible primarily for receiving signals from other neurons)

a specialized part of the cell body (or soma) of a neuron that connects to the axon. The spot where nerves impulses generate here (trigger zone)

organize regions of chromosomes, which contain the genes for pre‐ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), serve as the foundation for nucleolar structure.

knoblike distal endings of the terminal branches (usually 10,000or more)

impulse-generating and conducting region

biosynthetic center and receptive region

bundles of neuron processes in the CNS

short-distance signals

thorny appendages having bulbous or spiky ends-which represent points of close contact (synapse) with other neurtons

substance rough with endoplasmic reticulum

any long axon

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prodomindantily skeletal muscle movement

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perception of environment; receives various stimuli; may interpret stimuli (i.e. vision); two hemispheres; corpus callosum connects

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sensory tract; carry signal up the CNS words with “spino”

motor tract; carry signal down to PNS word with “spinal”

junction permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell (neural or otherwise).

stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, intergration center, motor neuron, effector, response

The stem-like part of the base of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord. The brain stem controls the involuntary flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body, and it also controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy

is located between the dicephalon and pons placing it near the center of the brain

contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.

helps transfer messages to the spinal cord and the thalamus in the brain from the body and controls breathing, heart function, blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing.

area of brain contains both thalamus and hypothalamus

receive sensory input from body organs (sensory cop) and direct these signals to the proper areas/location in the body has 15 nuclei; a relay system

extensively posterior of the thalamus; controls metabolic i.e. thirst, hunger, blood pressure, temp. etc.

base of brain, function in coordination and muscle activities (balance, reflexes, using multiple muscles/reflexes at once)

sensory association areas in cerebral cortex; responsible for intelligence; thinking, memory (gray mater of brain, interpetation of sensory input)

processing of information, interpretation and direction of activities

I olfactory-smell
II Optic-vision
VII Vestibularcochlear (auditory and balance)

III Oculomotor- eye
IV Trochlear -eye
VI- Abducens- eye
XII- hypoglossal-tongue, swallowing

V Sensory for face, PTT, motor for adductor jaw muscles
VII Facial -sensory taste, motor facial muscle
IX Glossoparengeal sensory for mouth and motor for larynx (vocalization)
XI Neck (Accessory)
Vagus X- sensory and motor for internal organs; motor for larynx (most extensive cranial nerve)

sympathetic thoraric/lumbar
parasymathetic brain (cranial nerves) and sacral

are more of a process than an organ; the main part in the brain and memory system or intergration of sensory and learning. (ie. the pleasant and unpleasant life experiences creates or shapes your personality)

back thick part of eye can have filaments that become loose

opening of the iris

intrinsic smooth muscle, can change size, controlled by the autonomic system (antagonistic)

s a ring of smooth muscle in the eye’s middle layer (vascular layer) that controls accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour into Schlemm’s canal.

(retinal artery) branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its dural sheath to the eyeball.

blind spot

the vascular structure encircling the anterior chamber of the eye and through which the aqueous humor is returned to the blood circulation.

is an extension of the optic nerve located in the brain.

is the transparent, dome-shaped window covering the front of the eye. It is a powerful refracting surface, providing 2/3 of the eye’s focusing power.

Vibrations enter the auricle and travel to the the tympanic membrane. The vibrations continue into the middle ear through the cochlea; travel t0 basilar membrane to the auditory ossicle vessicles vibrate. The pressure is amplifes and waves created by the stapes push into the oval window and move through fluid stimulate auditory cilia activating to association area to the other side of brain to associate sound.

dynamic equilibrium semicircular canals monitor changes in heads rotation requires our movement for stimulation the fluid in ears as well (cranial nerve VIII)

two tiny openings in the lacrimal puncture tears drain into the lacrimal sac, then into nasolacrimal duct and empties into the nasal cavity at the inferior nasal meatus