The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?
thoracolumbar division
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
ganglionic neurons.
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?
digestion
Craniosacral division is another name for the
parasympathetic division of the ANS.
The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division.
craniosacral division
The saying “rest and digest” is the response of the ________ division of the ANS.
parasympathetic
Which of the following effectors is innervated by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia?
intestine
Sympathetic ganglionic neurons are found in all these locations EXCEPT __________.
sympathetic chain ganglia
intramural ganglia
collateral ganglia
adrenal medullae
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intramural ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are ________ and have ________ axons.
short; myelinated
In what ways do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system interact?
One division may increase function of an organ, while the other division inhibits it.
Occasionally only one division communicates with an organ.
Both divisions may work together for the function of an organ or a process.
One division may counterbalance the other division.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to
dilate the right pupil.
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the
digestive tract.
Postganglionic axons usually are
unmyelinated
Sympathetic nerves
contain short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers.
As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad’s body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?
left pupil and heart
A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of
the “fight or flight” response.
The sympathetic division is also called the ________ division.
thoracolumbar
Unpaired sympathetic ganglia are called ________ ganglia.
collateral
In what part of the given pathway is norepinephrine secreted?
from the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber
What is the effect of neurotransmitters released here (in the adrenal medullae)?
They are released into the blood and produce long-lasting and widespread effects in the body.
Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem?
a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating
excessive heart rate.
Postganglionic sympathetic axons can release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions.
Postganglionic sympathetic axons can release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions.
ACh
norepinephrine
nitric oxide
acetylcholine
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in
increased heart rate and force of contraction.
The neurotransmitter ACH is
always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.
Which of the following statements is *true*?
The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to….1. an increase in metabolic activity.
2. stimulation of airway smooth muscle.
3. the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.
1. an increase in metabolic activity.
3. the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that
activates β2 adrenergic receptors.
Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?
the heart
the salivary glands
the liver
a sweat gland
a blood vessel in the skin
a sweat gland
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.
beta-1 adrenergic
*Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are
sympathomimetic.
Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to
dilate airways.
*If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called
adrenergic
*Neurons that release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter are called
adrenergic
Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord?
urinary bladder
Parasympathetic outflow is ABSENT in which of these?
cervical ganglia
pelvic nerves
cranial nerve III
cranial nerve X
cervical ganglia
Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause
a drop in blood pressure.
more saliva production.
constriction of the pupils.
food to remain in your stomach longer.
All of the answers are correct.
food to remain in your stomach longer.
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s).
vagus nerve
Which of the following is *not* a parasympathetic ganglion?
ciliary
pterygopalatine
otic
celiac
submandibular
celiac
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, *except*:
stimulation of urination.
dilation of the airways.
decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction.
constriction of the pupils.
stimulation of defecation.
dilation of airways
Postganglionic fibers release neurotransmitter on peripheral effectors
at pear-like swellings called varicosities
Parasympathetic stimulation
increase gastric motility
The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ at ganglionic synapses and __________ at its neuroeffector junctions.
acetylcholine; acetylcholine
Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will __________.
facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses
The statement “Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter” is
true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.
muscarinic cholinergic
Nicotinic receptors
open chemically-gated sodium ion channels.
open chemically-gated sodium ion channels.
are normally activated by acetylcholine.
A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to
depolarization of the neuron.
excitation of the neuron.
entry of sodium ions into the neuron.
activation of chemically-gated ion channels.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be
autonomic blocking agents.
Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating
urinary incontinence.
A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is a(n) ________ drug.
1. sympathomimetic
2. parasympathomimetic
3. adrenergic activating
4. cholinergic activating
1. sympathomimetic
3. cholinergic activating
*Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?
very low heart rate
salivation
diarrhea
sweating
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct
*Which of these organs does NOT receive dual innervation?
salivary gland
sweat glands
heart
eye
sweat glands
Which of these is NOT an action of the sympathetic nervous system?
to increase heart rate
to increase sweating
to reduce skin circulation
to constrict the pupils
to constrict the pupils
Which of these is NOT a similarity between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?
Both use norepinephrine.
Both affect heart rate.
Both affect the pupils.
Both use acetylcholine.
Both use norepinephrine.
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it
allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
autonomic tone
*Which of the following is missing in a short reflex?
CNS component
Which of the following is NOT an example of a visceral reflex?
defecation reflex
vomiting reflex
pupillary reflex
tendon reflex
tendon reflex
Which of the following is an example of a visceral reflex?
pupillary reflex
vomiting reflex
defecation reflex
ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct
Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?
gagging on food that does not appeal to you
dilation of the pupils when you enter a dark room
a violent coughing attack in response to an irritant
increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
increased salivation when you smell food that appeals to you
increases heart rate when you see a person you fear
The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the
hypothalamus
Tim has suffered a vasovagal loss of consciousness, commonly known as fainting. Environmental triggers, including the smell of the anatomy lab and the sight of the cadaver, caused a momentary malfunction of his autonomic nervous system (ANS). How is the structural organization of the ANS different from or similar to that of the somatic nervous system (SNS)?
They are different. In the ANS, motor neurons of the central nervous system do not directly control visceral effectors. They synapse with visceral motor neurons in ganglia, and the ganglionic neurons control the visceral effectors.
Visceral motor neurons are known as preganglionic neurons.
The ANS consists of two divisions: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Which statement best describes the organization of the sympathetic division’s preganglionic neurons?
The preganglionic neurons are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
The sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord between T1 and L2.
Which statement best describes the location and organization of parasympathetic ganglia and ganglionic neurons?
Ganglia are located in or near to their target organ, and both the pre- and postganglionic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.
Preganglionic fibers are long because the ganglia are located in or near the target organs; however, the postganglionic fibers are short by comparison.
When Tim fainted, the sympathetic division of the ANS failed him, while the parasympathetic division went into overdrive. Parasympathetic stimulation of the vagus nerve caused Tim’s heart rate to slow, the force of contractions to decrease, and his blood pressure to drop. As a result, blood flow to the brain decreased, causing the fainting episode. Which part of the brain is critical for maintaining consciousness through its interactions with the cortex?
the reticular activating system
Consciousness results from the interactions between the reticular formation and the cerebral cortex. The reticular activation system (RAS) is a network within the reticular formation that extends from the medulla oblongata to the midbrain. When the RAS is inactive, so is the cerebral cortex.
One possible way to categorize nervous system disorders is to check levels of neurotransmitters. What degenerative disorder is partly identified by the progressive loss of dopamine?
Parkinson’s disease
*If a deficit in the auditory association area can produce retrograde amnesia regarding sounds, then a deficit in the somatosensory association area can produce retrograde amnesia regarding __________.
the taste of an object
the texture and shape of an object
the appearance of an object
the smell of an object
the texture and shape of an object
*Years of illegal drug use have left a patient with anterograde amnesia. Which of the following regions is probably affected?
amygdala
nucleus basalis
hippocampus
All of the listed regions are affected.
All of the listed regions are affected.
Which of the following is an example of a skill memory?
playing the piano
Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except
anterograde amnesia.
the formation of memory engrams.
facilitation at synapses.
the formation of additional synaptic connections.
increased release of neurotransmitters.
anterograde amnesia
Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories.
multilobar
tertiary
consolidated
secondary
reflexive
tertiary
Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called
memory consolidation.
anterograde amnesia.
memory engraving.
memory programming.
memory conversion.
memory consolidation
The conscious state is maintained by the
reticular activating system
The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves.
theta
beta
gamma
delta
alpha
alpha
In deep sleep,
the EEG pattern is characterized as “slow wave.”
The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.
norepinephrine; serotonin
During ________ sleep, the entire body relaxes and the activity of the cerebral cortex is at a minimum.
deep
During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs.
REM
Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by
stimulating serotonin receptors.
*The inherited brain disorder Huntington’s disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________.
acetylcholine; GABA
What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?
depression
Over the past year, George has noticed an obvious negative change in his grandfather’s behavior. Now, his grandfather is diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. Which of the following behavioral changes is NOT necessarily associated with Alzheimer’s disease?
anterograde amnesia
inability to button a shirt due to tremors
inability to recognize close family members
emotional disturbances
inability to button a shirt due to tremors
Memory loss is one of the most common characteristics associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers have identified the amygdala and hippocampus as regions involved in memory consolidation, as well as the __________, which still plays an uncertain role.
nucleus basalis
Which anatomical description is TRUE of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Choose the best answer.It has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.
It is also known as the craniosacral division because of its origins of innervation.
Its synapses are mainly located in intramural ganglia, within the tissues of the target organs.
Its innervation originates mainly in the thoracic segment of the spinal cord.
Its innervation originates mainly in the thoracic segment of the spinal cord.
Anatomical traits for the sympathetic division include thoracolumbar origins. Try to keep in mind some other traits. Where are the ganglia? What is the neurotransmitter at the target organ? What is the basic function?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects a difference between ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Ganglia of the sympathetic division are located near the spinal cord, but ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located in or near the target organ.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are not only different in the location of the origin of innervation but also in the location of their ganglia outside the spinal cord. Despite these differences, they share common traits such as neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic neuron, effect on the postganglionic neuron, and myelination.
What is the correct pairing of neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh.
The neurotransmitter distribution in the autonomic nervous system is indicative of which division you are in.
