Scholars have conceptualized that exploring conversations between parents and teachers during a parent teacher conference are affected by the concepts about the truthfulness of how to have dialogue with special needs students (Dorthe, 2009). (a) The indicators here are positive talk, decency and silence and, especially when the pupil participates, they choose a careful point of view, gloss over it, and talk about what is OK and not unpleasant. (b) Research demonstrates that dialogue is quite often absent within a parent teacher conferences (Lide´n 1997; Nordahl 2000; Nordahl and Sørlie 1996; Vestre 1995). An interview study was done, and parents stressed that communication should be open and honest, with no information left out and no “candy-coating” of terrible news. However, tact was perceived as vital (Blue Banning et al. 2004). Further, “silence” is, in several studies, identified as a critical aspect of communication, though in different ways: some parents do not voice their concerns about school (Ranson, Martin, and Vincent 2004; Vincent 2001; Vincent and Martin 2002; Weininger and Lareau 2003), teachers describe silence about conflicts as a barrier to parent involvement (Lawson 2003), and withholding information is identified as a factor that escalates conflicts (Lake and Billingsley 2000)
Whether teachers and parents hold dialogue as the only ideal it is helpful to clarify what is meant by dialogue. This is unclear in official documents, but as parents and teachers are supposed to have dialogue and reach agreement it seems reasonable that the ideal for these conversations is communicative action, where the aim is to reach consensus, as described by Habermas (1984). The participant’s statements are then supposed to be true, right and truthful. This study focuses on one aspect of dialogue, the claim of truthfulness. The theoretical principle is that the participant’s notions about truthfulness constitute an indication of whether the participants hold dialogue as an exclusive ideal or not. The research question now becomes how are teacher’s and parent’s conversations affected by their notions of truthfulness? The study is qualitative and draws on data from observations of conversations about pupils with special needs and interviews. Communication is vital to successful school participation, and yet students with severe disabilities often struggle with even basic communication skills. Some students with special needs tend to struggle to communicate because they experience difficulties remembering, learning, and maintaining the topic of discussion.
To investigate whether teachers and parents hold dialogue as the only ideal is helpful to clarify what is meant by dialogue. Maclure and Walker (2000) examined the social organization of the conversation in parent-teacher consultations based on audio recordings. They found that teachers are awarded the right to give an uninterrupted ‘diagnosis’, using specialist vocabularies while down- playing parental knowledge. Truthfulness is crucial in Habermas’s (1984) theory of communicative action: if teacher and parents have a dialogue, they are supposed to state the truth about subjects and facts regarding the child’s educational situation and in accordance with what they think is right about the prevalent normative context, as well as being truthful. If the parents and teachers do not communicate, they tend to act having a previously designed goal which is concerned with influencing the others point of view without attempting to coordinate their different viewpoints. According to Goffman (1997), if the participants are not quite truthful, they might use the interaction order’s resources and follow conventions of tact and do ‘face-work’ to defend his or her own face (the positive value a person demands) to protect the other’s face and might also cooperate in doing face-work if face is threatened. Based on Grice (1975), it is assumed that principles such as truthfulness and tactfulness come forward in the logic of teachers and parent’s natural language when they talk to each other.
Teachers and parents’ notions about truthfulness contribute to deciding how they maneuver between these maxims during their talk, which maxims are prioritized, violated, opted out, or clash. The study is designed around 17 specific conversations; of these, 13 were observed. In total, 9 interviews with teachers were executed about specific conversations some of the teachers were interviewed about several conversations. Two teachers were interviewed about their last conversations more in general. Ten interviews were conducted with parents about specific conversations; some with both parents. The interviews, conducted separately with teachers and parents, took place after the conversations. In six conversations and three interviews (with two parents, one mother, and one special needs’ teacher) notes were taken and summaries were formulated afterwards. The child’s, three in the primary school section, and the rest in lower secondary school, were regarded as ‘typical’ children within special education; having learning disabilities, emotional and/or social disabilities; a certain number have a specific diagnosis like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The data analysis is based on all participant’s notions about truthfulness in conversation as it comes forward in the interviews.
The four levels of measurements are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio measurements. The nominal level of measurement is one in which the admissible transformations are one – to – one functions. In this level of measurement, the numbers within the variable are used solely in accordance with classify the data. The phrases are letters and alpha-numeric symbols can be used. Some scholars would argue that the nominal scale is a primitive method, that it is absurd to attribute to this process of assigning numerals the dignity implied by the term measurement (Stevens,1946). Ordinal level of measurement basic rule is to assign numbers for the determination of order. The basic form of ordinal measurement is the rank ordering of information. A rank ordering is an order – preserving mapping of a set of numbers onto the set of the first N integers. Interval level measurement is one in which positive linear transformations are admissible. It no longer only classifies and orders the measurements however, it also specifies that the distances within each interval on the scale are equal along the scale from low interval to high interval. Finally, the ratio level of measurement is one in which the admissible transformations are of the form f(x) = ax, where a > 0 (Zumbo, Zimmerman, 1993).
In the ratio level of measurement, the divisions between the points on the scale have an equivalent distance between them. I would say my variable (1) could be measured by two levels of measurements: nominal and ordinal levels of measurement. The scholars are observing the relationship between parents and teachers in relations to the truthfulness conversation when it comes to special needs students. Nominal with ‘conversation’ being my variable that’s how I would classify my data. I will be illustrating how you would measure conversation. Parents and teachers are expressing great concerns about the dialogue between them and the child with special needs. What are the different types of conversations that are being used when talking the child with special needs? Are the teachers adhering to the child’s disability? What tone are the teachers using when addressing the child? Referencing back to question one you can see that “parents stressed that communication should be open and honest, with no information left out and no “candy-coating” of terrible news”. Ordinal would be solely based on how affective in which communication is being used when communicating with the child with special needs. For instance, “sugar-coding”. Do sugar-coding things make it easier for the child to learn? Or does being strong and stern with the child? Based off the information gather from your research you would then, rank conversation from the most effective to the least effective way to have conversation with a special needs child.
Unit of analysis is the “who” or “what” that you are analyzing for your study. The unit of analysis could be an individual student, a group, or an entire program. Let’s say which students are most likely to be addicted to their electronic device was my research question. The unit of analysis would be the individual because the researcher isn’t just studying one student, his study is based off the majority of children. The researcher would conduct several experiments to answer his research question. He performed a survey on the students on campus, his goal would be to classify individuals in accordance to their involvement in certain social classes to see how many memberships in those classes correlated with electronic device addiction. In both cases, one using a survey and the other using observations, data is accrued from individual students. Thus, the unit of observation within both examples is the individual. But the units of analysis fluctuate among the two studies. In the first one, his purpose is to construct the characteristics of individuals. He may also then generalize regarding the populations in accordance with which these individuals belong, but our unit of analysis is nevertheless the individual. In the second study, we will examine individuals to describe partial social phenomenon, among this case, types of electronic device addictions. Thus, our unit of analysis would remain the social phenomenon.
An example of a unit of observation is an individual person. Other examples include a family or a neighborhood. A survey or other type of study involves many different levels of units of observation. (Boyd, 2008). Unit of observation and the choice of whose income to include as a useful resource have extensive effects regarding the estimation of the sources and amounts of income available to the elderly. Tables on the relative importance concerning Social Security in Income of the Population 55 or Older and Income of the Aged have reported information for aged units. The poverty statistic compares a person’s total family income to a poverty threshold based on the number and ages of persons in the family. If the same methodology were used for the reliance measure, a person would be considered 100 percent reliant on Social Security if all his or her family’s income came from Social Security. This differs from the current measure based on the aged unit in two ways: (1) the aged unit excludes income from family members other than a spouse and (2) the aged-unit definition counts a married couple as one unit, just as a non-married person counts as one unit (unit of observation) (Fisher, 2008).
The main goals of the McDVoice customer satisfaction survey are to get honest and objective feedback from the customers to continuously improve their customer experience, to resolve any issues or problems regarding the food, the employee’s behavior, the cleanliness and the services provided at any of the McDonald’s franchise throughout the USA. The information gather from the customer satisfaction survey is pertinent for the management of this giant restaurant chain, as it helps them resolve any issues, improve the quality of the food and service provided and to keep more of its customers satisfied with their McDonald’s experience (McDVoice Survey,2018). (A) Sears focuses on improving their customer satisfaction. They are looking for your honest feedback, so that they can improve their products, product range, and service (Bennekom, 2016).
Sears Holdings Corporation today announced that they delivered meaningful improvement in operating performance for the fourth quarter of 2016 and outlined important actions to drive profitability. These include steps to enhance the Company’s liquidity and financial flexibility, as well as a strategic restructuring program intended to streamline their operations, furthermore to improve operating performance and target cost reductions of at least $1.0 billion on an annualized basis (Sears Holdings). (A) The difficulty of finding a job isn’t the lack of programs or even resources. There are many programs out there seeking to bridge this gap and money from all sectors being allocated to this challenge. In the U.S. alone, spending on programs for those not attending four-year colleges (including government job initiatives, certification programs, community college and on-the-job training) is more than $300 billion per year (Mourshed,2017). (A) The Pew Research Center has conducted several survey experiments to measure the effects of respondent cooperation on the validity of the results between surveys on the internet vs. cellphone survey’s. These experiments compare responses from a standard survey, conducted with a commonly utilized polling procedures over a five-day field period, with a survey conducted over a much longer period that employed more rigorous techniques aimed at obtaining a higher response rate and interviewing more difficult to reach respondents(Suh,2015). (B) Experiments are conducted to be able to predict phenomenon’s.
Experiments are performed to be able to predict phenomenon’s. Typically, an experiment is manufactured to remain able to provide an explanation for causation. Experimental research is vital to society-it helps us to enhance our everyday lives. There is time priority within a causal relationship (cause precedes effect). There is consistency among a causal relationship (a motive will always lead to the same effect). The magnitude of the correlation is significant. Look at the evaluation research of mental health. Researchers are looking at the outcomes of treatment for patients in four aspects: evaluating treatment implementation, exploring treatment processes, identifying extra treatment influences on client post treatment functioning, and operationalizing outcome variables(Finney). Survey Research is defined as the process of conducting research using surveys that are sent to survey respondents. McDonald’s ask their customers to do their online survey to provide an honest and objective feedback to continuously improve their customer experience, to resolve any issues or problems regarding the food, the employee’s behavior, the cleanliness and the services provided at any of the McDonald’s franchise. Their survey is a great example of what survey research and the goal of survey research.
Bullying is a serious issue on many school campuses. When bullying becomes too frequent in the school’s environment then red flags are raised. The administration begins to ask questions like: How is the home environment of the person doing the bullying? Is the person doing the bullying unhappy with him/herself? Does the person who is doing the bullying have control issues? Now they will begin to look at the magnitude of the issues of “bullying.” The effects of bullying affect everyone—those who are bullied, those who bully, and those who witness bullying. Kids who are being bullied tend to suffer from depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness. I would structure bullying as a bigger kid intimidates a much smaller kid for numerous reasons. Stemming from social issues, home environment, and a power façade. Bullying isn’t always physical, vocal bullying is a major issue of bullying. To determine the processes of bullying we must understand what bullying is in every aspect. Then once we understand that then we can begin to implement different prevention tactics to put an end to bullying.
The schools don’t always need formal programs to help students learn about the prevention of bullying. Schools should incorporate the topic of bullying prevention in lessons and activities. For example: Internet or library research, such as searching types of bullying, how to prevent it, and how kids must respond, presentations, such as a lecture or role-play on bully prevention, discussions about topics like reporting bullying and creative writing, such as a poem speaking out against bullying or a story or skit teaching bystanders how to assist (Prevention at School). There are many causes of bullying this might be a situation such as excessive fighting in the home, parents getting a divorce, or a close family member suffering from an addiction to drugs or alcohol. For adults, problems in a marriage from disloyalty to general estrangement may lead them to exaggerate their own authority to the point of bullying. There are many consequences when it comes to bullying. There is a strong link between bullying and suicide. A series of bullying-related suicides in the US and across the world have drawn attention to the connection between bullying and suicide. Though too many adults still see bullying as “just part of being a kid,” it is a serious problem that leads to many negative effects for the kids who are being bullied, including suicide (Bullying and Suicide). Thus, my research question is How common is bullying, and how severe can it become for some students?
(A) The method of open coding starts with the collection of raw data: interviews, field notes, art, reports, diaries. The motive of open coding is to break down the data into segments in order to explain them. Detailed word-by-word and line-by-line analysis is carried out by researchers asking what is going on. Open Coding includes labeling concepts, defining, developing, examining, comparing, conceptualizing and categorizing data categories based on their properties and dimensions. It is used to analyze qualitative data. (a) The effect of classroom technology on children’s’ communication with the outside world. Learning using technological instruments facilitates and motivates learning. It brings autonomy to the students by helping them be more independent from their teacher and other students. However, the lack of direct interaction in using technology decreases the communication ability of students by itself. (B) Axial coding consists of identifying relationships among the open codes. What are the connections among the codes? Therefore, axial coding is a process of reassembling or disaggregating data in a way that draws attention to the relationships between and within categories.
Let’s use “pain” as an example as the of axial category, will illustrate the coding paradigm: ‘If I’ve drunk too much (context), I get (condition) a headache (phenomenon/axial category). Then I take an aspirin (strategy) (Strauss and Corbin 1990: 98) (C) Selective coding is the procedure of selecting one category to be the core category and pertaining to all other categories to that category. The essential idea is to develop a single storyline around which all everything else is draped. It figures out the core variable that includes all the data. Then reread the transcripts and selectively code any data that relates to the core variable you identified.
Selective coding of gender relations in coping strategies during a drought. The researcher studying people’s coping strategies during the dry season in an African village decided to make gender relations a major theme of the study of coping strategies. The researcher then goes through his or her field notes, looking for differences in how men and women approach certain task: securing food for themselves, their children and the elderly, how the talk and act about the drought situation, how men and women prioritize spending of the limited resources available. Then, the researcher compares male and female attitudes on each part of the theme of gender relation and coping strategies (Mikkelsen,2010, p. 182).
