What is Civil Liberties?

The civil liberties of an individual are the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled. Civil liberties include rights that may not be legally protected by governments, but rather by citizens or societies: the right to freedom of expression, thought and belief; the right to privacy; and the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned. Moreover, civil liberties are essential to the functioning of a democracy, and their protection is the primary responsibility of the state.
Besides, civil liberties are different from human rights. Human rights are often recognized as universal entitlements, whereas civil liberties can vary among nations and across time periods, with their definition varying according to historical context and specific cultural values. Civil liberties can be limited in the interests of national security or public safety, however such limitations must be necessary. They are often under threat in times of emergency or conflict. In Australia, civil liberties are protected by the Australian Constitution, which includes provisions for freedom of speech, association and religion; freedom from arbitrary detention; freedom from cruel or degrading punishment; and the right to vote. Civil liberties are also protected by international human rights treaties, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and its Optional Protocol.