Ethics and Cultural Differences Argument

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Summary

Reagan argues that moral disagreements are not just disagreements in preferences because moral claims make objective claims about the world. He believes that when someone says Charity is good, they are not simply expressing their personal opinion, but rather making an objective claim about the value of charity. Reagan also argues that statistics and opinion polls cannot help us identify moral truths because moral claims cannot be reduced to empirical data. He suggests that basing moral judgments on the word of God can lead to problems because it is often difficult to determine God’s will. Instead, he proposes that someone’s authority regarding moral judgments could be established through their expertise or experience. On the other hand, Can believes that belief in God does not necessarily make our moral obligations clear. He agrees with the statement If God exists, then we can at least know that murder is wrong, but argues that this is only because God has revealed this to us. Can also discusses Plato’s dialogue Outpour, in which the central question is whether something is good because the gods love it, or whether the gods love it because it is good. Can and Socrates agree that the latter is the correct answer. Rachel discusses cultural relativism and argues against the cultural differences argument, which suggests that what is considered morally right or wrong varies between cultures. She believes that cultural relativism would mean that societies cannot improve over time, and that the simple test for judging right and wrong that cultural relativists propose is disturbing because it can justify morally reprehensible actions. Mills introduces the greatest happiness principle, which suggests that actions are moral if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. He defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain and argues that happiness and virtue are closely related. He also discusses the difference between quality and quantity of pleasures and proposes a test to determine which is the superior pleasure if there are questions about the relative quality of different pleasures.

Table of Content

Why does Reagan believe moral disagreements are not just disagreements in preferences? 2. According to Reagan, why is it obvious that when someone says “Charity is good” she doesn’t mean simply “I think charity is good”? 3. Why does Reagan think statistics and opinion polls cannot help us identify moral truths? 4. What problems does Reagan think arise from basing our moral judgments on the word of God? 5. What does Reagan say could possibly establish someone’s authority regarding moral judgments? 6.

Why does Can think that belief in God does not necessarily make our moral obligations clear? 7. “If God exists, then we can at least know that murder is wrong. ” Does Can agree or disagree with this statement? What reasons does he give for his opinion? 8. To whom does Can say people have often turned to throughout history to tell them God’s will? 9. What crucial moral issue was the central question of Plat’s dialogue Outpour? What do Can and Socrates agree is the correct answer to this question? 10. Does Can believe that people who deny the existence of God can be highly moral?

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Why or why not? Rachel 1 . What cultural practice of the Galatians shocked the Greeks? What did Dairies think about the differences between these two cultures? 2. What does a cultural relativist believe about universal moral truth? 3. What is the “cultural differences argument? ‘ 4. Does Rachel think the cultural differences argument is sound? Why or why not? 5. According to the cultural relativist, which society is morally superior: a society which allows forced slavery, or a society which treats all people as free and equal? . What does Rachel think cultural relativism would mean for the notion that societies gradually improve over time? 7. Rachel says that cultural relativism has a simple test for judging right and wrong. What is this test? Why does Rachel find this test disturbing? 8. According to Rachel, what is the reason Eskimo parents sometimes kill their children? 9. According to Rachel, what would happen to a complex society that did not alee truth-telling? 10.

What lessons does Rachel think we can learn from cultural relativism? Mills 1. What is ‘the greatest happiness principle? ‘ 2. How does Mill define happiness? 3. What does Mill say is the relationship beјen happiness and virtue? 4. What does Mill say about the difference between “quality’ and “quantity’ of pleasures? 5. If there are questions about whether one kind of pleasure is of greater quality than another, what test does Mill suggest we apply to determine which is the superior pleasure?

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