Introduction
This report has been requested as part of my 2nd Year HNC Beauty Therapy course. The purpose is to research and describe Electrotherapy Machines used within the beauty industry: High-frequency, Infra-red, Vacuum suction, G5, Galvanic, Faradic, and Paraffin wax.
Each electrotherapy machine will be looked at: highlighting their advantages and disadvantages; the history behind the machine; the current used; a description of the machine; the equipment used in conjunction with the treatment; and the effects that the machine will help produce as part of a treatment plan.
The information contained in this report has been gathered from research, books, journal, online databases and knowledge gained throughout my HNC Beauty Therapy course.
There are no limitations to this report.
Electrical equipment in the salon.
Over the years, electrical equipment – many of which were initially developed for medical treatments – has expanded into the beauty industry, offering a vast range of different treatments to help face and body.
Electrical equipment in the beauty salon has become an important part of any treatment menu, results are quick, which clients love, and many have little or no side effects. They are designed to help improve skin condition and many helping delay the signs of aging.
There are a number of different manufactures of these machines; basically they all work in the same principle with many companies offering free training on purchase of the equipment. It is always advisable to follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Although the initial outlay can be high, the reward for both the salon and the client is high.
All these machines can be incorporated in a one hour treatment plan for either the face or body.
High-Frequency Treatment
Brief History
High-frequency treatments have been used in salons and spas for a number of years, proving to be a poplar treatment for improving acne, softening fine lines and improving the appearance of puffy eyes.
Alternating current electrical power was first developed by inventor Nikola Tesla [1] – the machines are sometimes referred to as ‘Tesla machines’. The first machine was developed in the late 1800s and used to treat strep throat and other infections. French biophysicist, D’Arsonval, used high-frequency machines to treat diseases related to mucous membrane and skin.
In the 1970s, European salons introduced high frequency for cosmetic and beauty-related problems. This soon spread, and by the 1980s, salons worldwide used the machine, not only because of its effectiveness on acne and fine wrinkles, but also due to the fact there are no side effects to the treatment. High frequency can be used either as a body or facial treatment, but for the purpose of this report, we will concentrate on the facial treatments.
High-Frequency Machine/Unit
The high-frequency units [2] can either be a small table-top unit or a large free-standing unit, with many of the larger units housing a number of different electrical equipment such as cosmetic brush and vacuum suction. Most units have two switches: one on/off and the other to control the intensity. Once the unit is switched on, it produces an electrical impulse which passes through an electrode that delivers a current to the client.
There are several electrodes (each used for different applications), which fits into the handle that is attached to the machine via a lead.
Electrodes
Each electrode is made of glass, normally with a metal end which is gently pushed into the handle. The electrode has a small amount of either air, neon or mercury sealed within it.
Once the machine is switched on, the current flows from the unit into the handle and connects to the electrode via the metal end. The air or gas within the electrode becomes ionised and is dispersed into the tissue area.
The electrode will glow [2]
air = Violet,
neon = Orange and
mercury = Blue-Violet
The electrode will also make a crackling noise which you should make your client aware of.
There are two methods of application: Direct and Indirect, each using different electrodes for different effects.
The electrodes used with the Direct method are the Rake, Fulgurator, Horseshoe, Roller and Mushroom. The electrode is placed in the handle and is moved slowly over the skin.
The electrode used with the Indirect method is the Saturator, which is placed in the handle of the unit. The client holds the handle in one hand whilst the saturator is in the other. Current passes through the handle into the saturator and charges the client, the therapist then completes the circuit and current is drawn off through the fingers as they massage. Contact with
the client must be retained at all times whilst the unit is switched on.
Rake Fulgurator Horseshoe
Roller Saturator Mushrooms Handle
Rake – This electrode works on the scalp to stimulate the blood supply.
Fulgurator – This electrode is designed to work on pimples/blemishes in the form of sparking.
Horseshoe – This electrode is used to work the neck area.
Roller – This electrode is used to cover large areas.
Saturator – This electrode is used for the Indirect method and is held by the client.
Mushroom – This electrode normally comes in two sizes, small for the face and large for the body.
Handle – The Electrode is inserted into the handle.
Current
These units use a high-frequency alternating current of around 250 KHz, but with a low-current flow. This current is rapid, producing short pulses which pass through the skin and produce a warming effect. This current will not stimulate muscle contraction, as the pulse duration is too short.
Direct High-Frequency Method
The Direct method is renowned for its cleansing benefits and is ideal for clients with greasy, oily and acne skin, due to the stimulating, drying effect it produces. Clients with dry or dehydrated skin can also benefit
from this method, as it will stimulate the sebaceous gland, but treatment time will be shorter. [3]
With this method, the chosen electrode is placed in the handle, and the glass electrode is slowly moved across the area in circular movements. The current passes from the electrode and is dispersed over the tissues generating warmth.
Mediums used in this process are talc or a special cream called Oxygenating cream, which helps produce more ozone. Gauze can also be placed over the area.
High-Frequency Direct Application
Ozone and Sparking
When high-frequency current is passed through oxygen, it produces ozone. This occurs between the electrode and the skin. The current jumps across the gap forming a spark, oxygen in the air is ionized and forms ozone, which destroys bacteria and promotes healing.
Sparking process: The electrode (a fulgurator) is lifted very slightly off the skin about a ¼ inch. Sparking occurs for a few seconds over the blemished area. Care should be taken not to damage the skin.
Fulgurator
Contra-indications – Special Care
Skin disorders/diseases/infections
Vascular conditions
Hypersensitive skin
Sunburn
Metal plates/pins
Heart conditions
Cuts/abrasions
Recent scarring
Benefits
To dry and improve the condition of seborrhoeic skin.
To dry greasy skins and greasy areas on combination skin.
Improves the condition of blemished skin.
Destroys bacteria and aids healing on acne skin by using sparking. On dry/dehydrated skin, the sebaceous gland is stimulated; treat for only 4-5mins, as any longer would cause a drying effect.
Effects
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of high-frequency treatment is that the client could receive a shock and there are a number of reasons for this:
Client touchs metal during the treatment;
Therapist removes electrode before switching machine off.
The other disadvantage is that during the sparking process, there is a high risk of tissue destruction if the process is carried out at too great a distance, or for too long a period.
Treatment time for the machine
Oily skin: 10 – 15 minutes
Dry, dehydrated skin: 3 – 5 minutes
Sensitive skin: no more than 5 minutes
Treatment Plan
High-frequency treatment [4] can be offered as part of a facial treatment or
used in conjunction with other treatments. It is normal to book a one-hour appointment for this treatment, with follow-up treatments at four to six week intervals.
Procedure for the Direct method [3]
This treatment is performed as part of a specialised facial treatment.
Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that treatment is not causing any pain or discomfort. Cleanse and tone the skin. The toner must be alcohol free.
Apply talc or ozone cream and cover with gauze, if required. If client has oily skin, do the high-frequency Direct method at the end of the facial; this will leave the ozone produced on the client’s skin. Ensure machine is switched off and intensity control is at zero. Select the correct electrode and place in the holder.
Test the machine on yourself before applying to client and switch off. Place electrode on the client’s face and switch on the machine. Increase the intensity up to suit the client’s tolerance: normally around number 4 or 5. The therapist should keep their free hand either on the bed or supporting the lead to the holder. Do not place your free hand on the client’s face, as this will draw the current away from the client’s face or may produce a mild shock. Without losing contact, move the electrode in a circular movement up and over the face. A lighter movement will produce a greater stimulation.
If the client has blemishes, sparking may be necessary and you may have to change the electrode to a Fulgurator. Care should be taken, as sparking can destroy the tissue. Once you have completed the treatment, lower the intensity to zero and switch off the machine before removing the electrode from the face. Remove medium from the client’s skin and proceed with the rest of the treatment. Once the full treatment has been completed, ensure that all the equipment is sanitised in readiness for the next client.
Indirect High-Frequency Method
This method is also called the Viennese Massage [2], and is an ideal relaxation treatment. The electrode used for the Indirect method is a saturator and is designed for this method, which uses the current for relaxation and sedation.
Unlike the Direct method, the current flows through the surface of the body and is drawn off by the therapist during a massage, which completes the circuit. It is ideal for clients with dry, dehydrated and mature skin, as it has a regenerating action.
Saturator High-Frequency Indirect Method
Contra-indications – Special Care
Hypersensitive skin
Vascular condition
Cuts and abrasions
Skin disease/disorders
Sunburn
Recent scar tissue
Benefits
Improves the condition of dry/dehydrated skin
Improves sluggish circulation
Improves the condition of tired skin with fine lines
Aids relaxation in the tissues
Effects
Disadvantages
Similar to the Direct method, the main disadvantage is shock, as explained in the Direct method sheet.(page )
Treatment time for machine
Depending on client’s skin type and the skin reaction
apply for 10 – 20 mins
Treatment Plan
High-frequency treatment [4] can be offered as part of a facial treatment or used in conjunction with other treatments. It is normal to book a one-hour appointment for this treatment, with follow-up treatments at four to six week intervals.
Procedure for the Indirect method
This treatment is performed as part of a specialised facial treatment: –
Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that the treatment is not causing any pain or discomfort. Cleanse and tone the skin. Non-alcohol toner.
Ensure machine is switched off and intensity control is at zero. Apply talc to the client’s hands, if necessary, to absorb perspiration. Place the saturator into the holder.
Test the machine on yourself before giving saturator to client and switch off. Ask the client to hold the saturator firmly, one hand on the handle and the other on the saturator. Place the hand furthest away from the machine on the client’s face. Using the free hand, switch on the machine and increase the intensity up to suit the client’s tolerance: normally around number 4 or 5. Now place your other hand on the client’s face and perform a facial massage, using slow circular movement and maintaining contact at all times, work up towards the forehead. You should feel a warm sensation in the fingers as you complete the circuit. Once the massage has been completed, remove one hand from the client’s face and reduce the intensity slowly to zero and switch off the machine. Remove the massage medium and apply a face mask.
Remove the face mask with warm mittens, tone and apply moisturiser. The treatment is now complete.
Ensure that all equipment is sanitised in readiness for the next client.
Vacuum Suction
Brief History
Vacuum suction has derived from an ancient art of Cupping; the true origin has never been established [5]. It is believed that different cultures used cupping as a health-care technique. The Chinese expanded this for use in surgery to divert blood flow from the wound.
Cupping developed into a separate therapy, with healers using this therapy to treat a variety of conditions. The Egyptians used cupping for conditions such as fever, pain, vertigo and menstruation imbalances.
It was then introduced to the Greeks and spread to Europe and America. Over time, and with research, it has been proven to be a clinical efficacy therapy. The 20th century brought about a decline in the therapy until the invention of pumps to create the vacuum, and machines came into use with the production by medical supply companies.
Vacuum suction was used as a mechanical treatment which helps speed-up the lymphatic and blood systems, whilst stimulating the metabolic rate.
Over the years, it has worked its way into the beauty industry, offering facial and body treatments. Suction is applied to the surface tissues, causing lift and stimulating the underlying tissues.
This report will look at both face and body vacuum suction treatments.
The Vacuum Suction Machine
These machines can either be facial or body units [6], or the unit can do
both. The machine has a vacuum pump which is driven by an electrical motor, and they have an on/off switch, pressure gauge, intensity control, and a selection of cups and plastic tubing.
The suction is created in the cups by sucking out air to reduce pressure; the negative pressure is controlled by increasing or decreasing the pressure monitored on the pressure gauge.
The machines normally have a second outlet for blowing air out and are used as a spray.
Application methods
There are two methods of application:
Static
Gliding
Static: with a multi-cup unit, the cups are applied to a localised area and the suctions are pulsed, alternating between high and low levels of suction. This is just enough to keep the cups in place [6].
Gliding: with a single-cup unit, the therapist glides the cup over the area, releasing by uncovering a hole in the cup, or by using a finger to release the vacuum at the end of the movement [6].
Cups
Vacuum suction units are machines with a number of ventouse or cups which connect to the machine via plastic tubing.
The cups are made of various shapes and sizes to suit the area being treated, and are made of glass, plastic or metal. Some cups have a small hole in the side to release the vacuum; this must be covered with a finger to maintain the vacuum, and removed to release [7]. If there’s no hole in the cup, then
to release the vacuum, the flesh has to be depressed with the finger.
Cups
Body Cups Hourglass cup with hole Plastic Cup
Current
This treatment is classed as a mechanical treatment, as no current passes through the client; and is performed with the aid of a compressor.
Contra-indications – Special Care
Skin disorders/diseases
Hypersensitive
Thin and fragile skin
Broken veins
Loose, crepey skin
Infected acne
Benefits
Cleansing action
Stimulate lymphatic system
Improves appearance and reduce fine lines
Effects
Disadvantage
Bruising can occur if the suction is too high.
Machine Treatment Times
General cleanse:5 mins
Deep cleanse:10 – 12 mins
Body Massage:10 – 20 mins
These timings will also depend upon the skin reaction
Treatment Plan
Vacuum Suction treatment [4] can be offered as part of a facial treatment or used in conjunction with other treatments. Facial application applied every 4 t0 6 weeks. Body vacuum treatment can be booked as a course of treatment applied twice weekly.It is normal to book a one-hour appointment for this treatment, with follow-up treatments at four to six week intervals.
Vacuum Suction Procedure
Facial Treatment [8]
Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that the treatment is not causing any pain or discomfort. Cleanse and tone the skin.
Apply the oil to the face and neck.
Ensure the machine is switched off and the pressure control is at zero. Select the correct cup and attach it to the plastic tubing.
Test the machine on yourself before applying it to the client and switch off. Note that the suction should not exceed 10%. Place the cup on the client’s décolletage, hold the tubing and cup like a pencil, switch on the machine, observing the skin’s reaction, adjust the pressure and speed to establish the correct levels. Lift the cup and glide it to the nearest lymph nodes.
Once you have completed the stroke, break the suction, either by uncovering the hole, or by finger release, before lifting off the skin.
Continue working up the face with light movement, finishing at the forehead. Extra attention should be applied to congested and fine line areas changing the cup size, if required.
Once you have completed the treatment, remove the cup, lower the intensity to zero, and switch off the machine. Perform a manual massage.
Remove medium from the client’s skin and proceed with the rest of the facial treatment. Once the full treatment has been completed, ensure that all the equipment is sanitised in readiness for the next client.
Body Treatment
Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that the treatment is not causing any pain or discomfort. Cleanse the body area with witch-hazel.
Apply oil or cream to the area.
Ensure that the machine is switched off and the intensity control is at zero. Select the correct cup and attach to plastic tubing.
Test the machine on yourself before applying to the client, and switch off. Note that the suction should not exceed 10%. Place the cup on the area being treated; hold the tubing and cup like a pencil, switch on the machine, observing the skin’s reaction, adjust the pressure and speed to establish the correct levels. Lift the cup and glide it in a straight line to the nearest lymph node that drains this area. Once you have completed the stroke, break the suction, either by uncovering the hole, or by finger release, before lifting off the skin.
Once you have completed the treatment, remove the cup, lower the intensity to zero, and switch off the machine. Perform a manual massage.
Remove medium from the client’s skin and proceed with the rest of the body treatment. Once the full treatment has been completed ensure that all of the equipment is sanitised in readiness for the next client.
Galvanic
Brief History
Galvanic electrical current is named after Luigi Galvani [10], who through his experiments, found out that an electrical current delivered by a rotary static electricity generator would cause a contraction in the muscle; this experiment was performed on the legs of a frog. His findings yielded
information that led other scientists to employ galvanic current for various uses. The galvanic current was mainly used in the medical field, but over the years, has expanded into the health and beauty industry.
Within the salon environment, Galvanic treatments include facials, which help smooth fine lines, tightening of muscles and increase blood circulation. Body treatments help decrease congested fluids, increases lymph and blood flow and helps break down cellulite. This report will look at both the face and body treatments using a Galvanic machine. The Galvanic Machine
Galvanic machines come in small and large sizes [11]; large sizes are usually multi-functional units. The machine has a number of attachments which brings the current to the client. For a facial treatment, face electrodes are used, and for the body, electrode pads, which are held in place by straps, are used. Each machine will have a number of controls: on and off; intensity; normal and reverse polarity switches; alongside a millimetre, which show the current flow. The galvanic current is formed between the positive (Anode) and negative (Cathode) electrodes, and an active substance.
Galvanic Treatment Method
Galvanic treatment has two methods of application: Disincrustation and Iontophoerisis [13]. Disincrustation: This method provides a deep cleanse, drying effect, softening and relaxing the blocked pores – which helps with extraction. It is ideal for clients with oily or acne skin types. An acid base solution is placed on the skin. The client holds the positive electrode whilst the therapist uses the negative electrode. Once the galvanic current is added, it creates a reaction that emulsifies the sebum – this process is called saponification. This means that when the current interacts with the salt in the skin, it produces a chemical called sodium hydroxide (which soap is made of). This substance helps to dissolve excess oil, skin blockages, desquamation, whilst at the same time, softens the skin. Iontophoerisis: This method is used to penetrate specialist products deep into the skin with an electrical current. These specialised products. gels serums etc., are water-soluble products containing ions. The galvanic current is passed through the solution by either a negative or positive polarity. The solution
reacts and releases charge ions. This process is called ionisation. The Galvanic Facial Treatment:
Disincrustation: Deep cleansing and skin blockage, softens the skin, prepares the skin for further treatment. Iontophoresis: Used to help penetrate special creams, serum or solutions deep into the skin. The Galvanic Body Treatment:
Iontophoresis: Softens and aids the dispersal of cellulite when used in conjunction with specialised anti-cellulite products. Body galvanic: Softening effect under cathode when using sodium chloride (salt) under the electrode, used to treat cellulite.
Polarity
Both methods have two fundamental principles, the polarity of the product used on the skin and the polarity setting of the machine [12]. The penetration of the product into the skin only occurs with the action of the ions and the current.
Same poles repel each other: –
Opposite poles attract: –
Electrodes
Specialised Treatment Solutions
The Galvanic current is used along with specialised creams, oils, serum, and gels which contain ions; these are placed on the skin, the polarity needs to be checked on the product. If the polarity is the same, they will not attract, meaning the ions in the cream etc., will be attracted to the non-active electrode and will penetrate the skin to reach it [12].
Example:
The therapist has a negative electrode, the serum on the client’s face is negative, and the client is holding the positive pole.
The therapist works the serum into the skin, the positive pole attracts the serum, which will penetrate the skin to form a complete circuit.
If the polarity is set wrong, the serum will be attracted to the therapist’s electrode and will not penetrate the skin and the client will receive no benefit from the product. The current
The machine changes mains alternating current (230 volts AC mains unit) into a constant, direct current, with low voltage (100 volts DC). This current is measured in milliamps [11].
Galvanic current has to make a circuit either by the use of body pads or by using electrodes with the client holding the connection. The electrodes are the conductors through which the current flows. One electrode has a positive (Anode) charge which attracts negative particles; the other has a negative (Cathode) charge which repels the negative ions into the skin. The negative electrode, or negative pole, is called the Cathode. This helps soften the skin, opens pores, increases circulation, stimulates the nerve endings and draws fluid towards itself. It also causes the production of alkali, which can be irrating to the skin, causing a drying effect, and it neutralises the acidity of the skin, which affects the acid mantle and the germicidal properties. The positive electrode, or positive pole, is called the Anode. This tightens the skin, decreases circulation, closes pores, soothes nerve endings, and moves fluid away from itself. It also causes the production of hydrochloric acid, which increases the acidic protection of the skin and increases the germicidal properties. Contra-indications
Lack of skin sensation
Cuts and abrasions
Skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis)
Pregnancy
Low blood pressure
Metal pins/plates
Benefits
Skin soften
Deep cleanse
Improved circulation
Improves skin tone
Relaxing
Effects: Facial Treatment
Negative/Cathode effects
Positive/Anode effects
Effects: Body Galvanic Treatment
Negative/Cathode effects
Positive/Anode effects
Disadvantages
Burns (chemical or thermal) may occur If the current is too high or the treatment time is too long. Care should be taken with application and all manufactures instructions should be read and followed correctly. Shock may occur if the current is increased too quickly, or if equipment is faulty and has not been checked or tested prior to the treatment. Machine treatment times
Facial Treatments:
Disincrustation: 3 – 5 minutes
Iontophoersis: 3 – 5 minutes
Body Treatments: 15 – 20 minutes
Body Galvanic: 15 – 20 minutes
Treatment plan
Galvanic treatment facial and High frequency can be combined as a specialised one hour facial treatment. [11]. Galvanic body treatment may be combined
with body wrap treatments.
Procedure for Galvanic Face Treatment
Carry out a sensitivity test, hot and cold for heat treatment and sharp and blunt for an electrical current treatment. Test these out on the client, asking them to identify each one. If the client is unable to feel any difference and there is a problem, a change to the treatment may be required.
Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that the treatment is not causing any pain or discomfort. Cleanse and tone the skin, ensuring the skin is clean and oil-free. Once you have selected the electrodes (roller, ball), plug both negative and positive electrodes into the machine. Test the machine on yourself, hold both the negative and positive poles in one hand, turn on the machine, increase the intensity and switch off. Ensure the machine is switched off and the intensity control is at zero. Cover the positive electrode with a damp cotton and place either in the client’s hand or under their shoulder, ensuring contact. Apply the correct product for the treatment:
For Disincrustation, apply disincrustation gel to the client’s face and neck; For Iontophoresis, apply specialised solutions, e.g. serum, ampule or gel to the face and neck; And always check the polarity of the product.
Place a roller on the client’s skin, switch on the machine and increase the intensity until the client confirms that they can feel the current. Slowly reduce the current until the client confirms that they can no longer feel the current. Now place the other roller on the skin. Move the rollers over the face, in a slow and even pressure, do not break contact with the skin and do not let the rollers touch each other. Throughout the procedure, ensure that the client is not in any discomfort.
Once you have completed the treatment, remove one roller from the skin, and slowly turn down the intensity and switch off the machine. Keeping the other
roller on the face, switch the polarity to reverse, switch the machine on, and increase the intensity as previously stated. Proceed with the treatment, as this will restore pH balance, close the pores and tighten the tissues. Once completed, remove one roller, slowly reduce the intensity to zero, and switch off the machine. Do not remove the other roller until machine is completely switched off. Proceed with the treatment. Once the treatment has been completed, ensure that all of the equipment is sanitised in readiness for the next client.
Treatment plan
This treatment may be combined with a high-frequency treatment to produce a good effect [11].
Procedure for Galvanic Body Treatment
Carry out a sensitivity test, hot and cold for heat treatment and sharp and blunt for an electrical current treatment. Test these out on the client, asking them to identify each one. If the client is unable to feel any difference and there is a problem, a change to the treatment may be required: – Prepare the pads, sponge envelopes should be soaked in warm water and squeeze excess water out leaving sponges damp; the pads should be clean. Slip the pad into the sponge, ensuring that the entire pad and connection point are covered with the sponge envelope. Attach the leads to the pad and the machine. Ensure that the machine is switched off and the controls are at zero. Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that the treatment is not causing any pain or discomfort. Cleanse the area that is being treated to ensure no oil is on the skin. Ensure that the machine is switched off and that the intensity control is at zero. Apply gel to the area (always check the polarity of the product). Place the negative pad over the area to be treated and the positive pad opposite or parallel to it. Secure the electrodes pads with the straps.
Describe to the client the sensation that they will feel.
Switch on the machine and increase the intensity slowly until a sensation is felt by the client. Remain with the client, as the skin resistance will fall – some machines will automatically adjust to changes in the body. If not, then the intensity has to be adjusted. Treatment should last about 20 minutes. Once completed, slowly reduce the intensity and switch the machine off. Remove gel from the area and apply soothing lotion.
Complete the rest of the body treatment.
Once the treatment has been completed, ensure that all of the equipment is sanitised in readiness for the next client. Treatment plan
This treatment may be combined with a high frequency treatment or a body wrap treatment to produce a good effect. [11] Faradic
Brief History
Michael Faraday (1791) was an English chemist and physicist who discovered electromagnetic inductions and helped coin the familiar words ‘electrode’, ‘cathode’, and ‘ion’. [14] He was responsible for Faradic current, which relates to using electricity in medicine to cure various problems. This invention used a small number of dry cells to power an induction coil that generates a high-voltage signal that can be applied to various parts of the body using metal electrodes. The Faradic current is an intermittent and non-symmetrical alternating current.
In 1920s, the first slimming machine [17] using the faradic current was invented and was used for tightening and toning the muscles. It was called an electrical muscular stimulation machine. The machine induces the muscle to contract and relax by stimulating the motor nerve within the belly of the muscle, and as there is no physical movement, it is called passive exercise; and as there is no movement of limbs, it is a form of isometric exercise.
This report will look at the faradic body treatment.
Faradic Machine
Faradic machines come in a number of versions: from simple outlet machines with pre-set controls, to complex multi-outlets with a number of controls. They all apply electrical pulses to the body by means of discs.
The machine will have a number of controls [15]: an on/off switch, Impulse Amplitude, Frequency Control, Stimulation Control, Interval Control, Mode Control and Polarity Control; and leads to attach the discs to the machine – a number of different discs and straps to hold the discs in place.
Leads and straps Pads/Discs
Current
The current is an alternating, low-frequency, surged and interrupted current sourced by AC mains. The frequency is adjustable between 65 – 135 Hz pulses per second. Pulse length time is variable between 0.5 – 2.5.
Padding Layout
When planning padding layout, consider carefully the effects to be achieved and the reason that the client is having the treatment.
Split padding
One pair of pads is split and placed on either side of the body, i.e. one on each thigh. The current is divided between two muscles. This method prevents individual control.
Dual Padding
A pair of pads are placed on the same muscle on either side of the body.
Contra-indications
Skin disorders and diseases
Recent scar tissue
Metal pins/plates
Pacemakers
Heart conditions
High or low blood pressure
Benefits
Firm body contours
Restore muscle tone
Aids removal of waste products
Improves circulation
Effects
Disadvantages
There are no specific disadvantages with Faradic treatment, but discomfort may occur if the intensity is too high, or if the pads are in the wrong place.
Machine Treatment Times
First treatment: 30 mins
Subsequent treatments: may last as long as 45 mins
Treatment Plan
Faradic treatments may be booked as a course to achieve the best result followed by maintenance treatments. One hour appointment time. Procedure for Faradic Body Treatment
For this report, the procedure will be for an abdomen treatment [15].
Carry out a sensitivity test, hot and cold for heat treatment and sharp and blunt for an electrical current treatment. Test these out on the client, asking them to identify each one. If the client is unable to feel any difference and there is a problem, a change to the treatment may be required: –
Prepare the straps by laying three straps across the bed in readiness for the client. Ensure all pads/discs are attached to the leads and connected to the machine, and place neatly on the trolley or machine. Ensure that the machine is switched off and that the controls are at zero. Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that treatment is not causing any pain or discomfort. Select the correct padding layout for the area being treated. Ensure that the machine is switched off and that the intensity control is at zero. Cleanse the area that is being treated with witch hazel.
Secure straps around the body.
Moisten the pads with saline solution, cellulite gel evenly. Position pads under the straps.
Secure the electrodes pads with the straps.
Describe to the client the sensation that they will feel.
Turn on the frequency and select the appropriate reading: 60 impulses for deep work, 120 for superficial muscle work, and 90 impulses for average work. Turn the polarity to Dual.
Adjust stimulation control.
Adjust the interval control.
Switch the mode control to constant (position 1).
Switch on the machine.
Press the start button.
Double check all the controls and slowly increase the amplitude until the client feels a tingling sensation. Now slowly increase the amplitude until the client feels muscle contraction – the client may require a further increase or decrease. Cover the client with a blanket to maintain heat during the treatment. After 5 – 10 minutes, check with the client and
increase the amplitude if desired – a stronger contraction will be achieved – and repeat after a further 5 – 10 minutes. Once the treatment time has been completed, press the stop button, and return all of the controls to zero. Remove the pads in reverse order, ensuring not to tangle any of the leads. Remove the straps from the client and cleanse the area of any solution. Once the full treatment is completed, ensure that all pads/discs are wiped cleaned with surgical spirit in readiness for the next client.
G5 Gyratory Vibrator
The Gyratory massage or G5 [18], as it is mostly called, was invented by a French engineer named Henry Cuinier while he was working with Renault – he invented a better way to grind welds under interior fenders. Henry Cuinier’s wife contracted polio and required massage treatment twice daily. Henry adapted the weld grinder into a massage machine and went on to invent massage applicators. In 1959, Henry started his own company, Societe d’Appareillage du Sud-Quest (Equipment Company of South Quest). In 1961, Henry registers the G5 trademark in France and in the USA in 1970. The company expanded into other physical therapy products and Henry registered his patents and trademark throughout the world; and licensed General Physiotherapy Inc. (GPI) in the USA to begin selling G5 brand massage machines.
In 1988, Henry’s wife died and he sold the company and the G5 trademark was sold in 1990 to General Physiotherapy Inc. Henry Cuinier died in France in 1997, and in 1998, Henry’s original company was bought by Physiotherapy Generale (PGF). All genuine G5 massage machines are now manufactured solely by GPI and PGF. The G5 machines are used worldwide in a number of different fields, including spa and beauty.
Gyratory Massagers, or G5 Massagers, provide mechanical massage, normally used as part of a treatment to help relieve muscle tension or pain, improve circulation and skin condition. These units can also help to disperse fatty deposits, alongside the client being on a fat-reducing diet.
The Machine
There are a number of different types of machines, ranging from hand -held to large gyratory massage machines [19].
Hand-held G5
The hand-held unit: the components are housed within the unit, (which can be heavy to hold for long periods of time) and the unit has a number of changeable heads.
Hand-held Unit housing all the electrical components
Free-Standing G5 unit
The large floor-standing G5 massage units also include vibration and percussion, which help perform a deep massage. The main difference between the hand-held and the free-standing versions is that the components are housed in the unit, meaning that the head application unit is much lighter. This unit also has a number of head attachments, similar to the hand-held unit.
Head Attachments
Sponge Head Multiple Prong Head
Four-Ball Firm Rubber Head Half-Ball Firm Rubber Head
Curved Flex Sponge Head Scalp + Skin Surface Head
The Current
The units are electrically driven and powered by a motor cased within the unit. The output is 15 – 60 cycles per second, depending upon the unit size;
the faster the speed, the more vigorous the treatment. The voltage can be 110v or 220v AC.
Contra-indicators: –
Skin disorders and diseases
Acute inflammation
During pregnancy & monthly period, during breast feeding
Skin lesions, malignant lesions, active cancer
High or low blood pressure
Varicose veins
On individuals with an intolerance to vibration
Poor heart conditions, pace maker
Skin lesions, boils, carbuncles, raised moles
Cardiovascular conditions, phlebitis or thrombosis
Broken bones/slipped disk
Any condition being medically supervised
Sensitive skin
Diabetes, epilepsy, eczema, psoriasis
Recent scar tissue
Raised areas, lumps, skin tags, epidermal warts, hairy or pigmented moles Severe abrasions or bruises
Elderly clients, with thin, crepey skin lacking in subcutaneous fat
Benefits
To temporarily reduce the appearance of cellulite.
Relief of muscle pains
To increase local circulation.
To warm muscles: increased circulation brings more warm blood flow to the tissues. To aid in the prevention of muscle fatigue and stiffness in heavily exercised muscles. To aid in maintaining muscle tone
To relieve muscle tension
To reduce muscular aches and pains
To improve circulation
To improve texture of the skin
Less tiring for the therapist
Produces a sense of well-being
Effects
Disadvantages
Client may find treatment too impersonal
Bruising can occur if the pressure is too great
Treatment timings
The treatment time will depend upon client tolerance and the reaction on the skin, such as erythema.
Treatment plan.
G5 may be combined with a manual massage and a pre heat treatment such as infra-red offer a one hour treatment.
G5 Procedure
For this report, the procedure will be for a back treatment [20].
Carry out a sensitivity test, hot and cold for heat treatment and sharp and blunt for an electrical current treatment. Test these out on the client, asking them to identify each one. If the client is unable to feel any difference and there is a problem, a change to the treatment may be required.
Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that treatment is not causing any pain or discomfort. Cleanse the skin. Apply talc to the area being treated using effleurage movements. Do not use oil, as this may cause the deterioration of the heads. Ensure the machine is switched off and select the appropriate head; it is normally best to start
with the sponge and effleurage movements, as this will introduce the machine to the client. Hold the machine away from the client and switch on, taking health and safety precautions in case the head is insecure and flies off the machine. Using long sweeping strokes, working towards the lymph nodes; pressure should be heavy over muscle and light over bony areas. Stokes at the beginning and end should be light and smooth, and not jerky or abrupt. Pressure should be heavy over muscle area and light over bony areas. Change the head to a kneading head – depending on the client’s requirements, as this will help with the selection of the correct kneading head, if multi-heads are available. Use a circular kneading motion and work towards the lymph nodes with the free hand supporting and lifting tissues towards the machine head and work the area. Change the head to the sponge head and use effleurage movements to finish the G5 treatment. Switch off the machine and finish with manual effleurage movements. Ensure that all of the equipment is sanitised in readiness for the next client.
Infra-Red
Brief History
In the 1800s, Sir Frederick William Herschel of Hanover, Germany [21], discovered infra-red whilst testing the temperature of each colour of the spectrum by allowing sunlight to pass through a prism. He went on to experiment further and demonstrate what we now know as infra-red radiation and that it can be adsorbed, transmitted and reflected. Over the years, scientific evidence has found that heat treatment can have beneficial effects and is used in many medical professions for treating physical problems, sports injuries and cancer.
Free-standing lamp Table-top lamp
The Machine
The infra-red lamp has a coil of wire embedded in the fireclay and is placed in the centre. Once the lamp is switched on, the coil becomes hot, heats-up
the fireclay, and emits the rays which pass through the air and is absorbed by the skin. The infra-red lamp produces heat, but no visible light. The lamps come in different sizes, from small table-top lamps to free-standing lamps.
Current
The wave lengths of the infra-red rays are longer, meaning less irritation and lower energy. These are measured in manometers, with the infra-red wave band being 770nm to 400,000nm, using a low frequency which is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Lamp distance during treatment
The distance of the lamp is vital, as UV rays cannot be felt and we must ensure that the lamp is not placed so close to the client that it can cause any harm to the client [23]. The lamp rays spread outwards, so the further away the lamp, the weaker the intensity, and a larger area is covered; and the closer the lamp, the intensity will increase, and a small area is covered, causing a high risk of burning to the skin.
Inverse square law states:
“The intensity of the rays from point source varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source.”
Therefore, if the distance from the lamp to the area being treated is doubled, then the intensity of the rays is quartered.
Example:
The treatment is 1 minute at a distance of 30cm and the lamp is moved to 60cm, then the treatment time is increased to 4 minutes. Halve the distance – divide the time by 4
Double the distance – multiply the time by 4
A good average distance is 60cm (24inchs) for 20 to 30 minutes.
Rays from the lamp
Contra-indications
Skin disorders and disease
Heavy colds or fever
Migraine or headache
Bruises
Cuts and abrasions
Sensitive skin
Defective sensation
Benefits
Relaxing
Promotes heat
Relieves muscle tension
Ideal as a pre-heating treatment.
Effects
Disadvantages
Burns may occur if the heat is too intense, or the lamp is positioned too low, as the client may touch the lamp. Headaches may occur due to the heat directed on the back of the head and neck. Fainting due to a fall in blood pressure – due to overheating. Damage to the eyes – if not covered when preforming a facial.
Machine treatment times
20-30 minutes, until the desired effect is obtained
Treatment plan
Infra-red may be combined with manual massage or Faradic treatment within a one hour treatment.
Procedure for Infra-red treatment [22]
Infra-red lamps can be used on the face and the body. For the report, we will concentrate on the body treatment.
Carry out a sensitivity test, hot and cold for heat treatment and sharp and blunt for an electrical current treatment. Test these out on the client, asking them to identify each one. If the client is unable to feel any difference and there is a problem, a change to the treatment may be required: –
Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that treatment is not causing overheating or discomfort. Switch on the lamp with the direction away from the client, to allow the lamp to reach its maximum output. Cleanse the skin to remove any surface oils.
Cover any delicate area such as eyes, head or neck.
Move the lamp over to the side of the plinth and position the lamp parallel with the area being treated. Position the lamp at the correct distance and ensure to strike the area at a 90 degree angle for maximum penetration, absorption and effect. Never leave your client whilst performing this treatment. Check the client throughout the treatment. Depending on the client’s requirements, the treatment time is 20 -30 minutes, or until the desired effect has been achieved. Once the treatment has been completed, switch off the lamp and continue with the treatment plan. Ensure the lamp is stored correctly in readiness for the next use.
Paraffin Wax
Brief History
Paraffin is a chemical preservative that is made from petroleum [24]. It is said that the Romans used warm wax on the body prior to massage. It was identified in 1830 by German Chemist Carl Ludwig von Reichenbach. Once the chemist discovered how to separate and refine the wax substance that occurs naturally within petroleum, it made its debut. French doctors used the melted wax on wounds to help protect and heal. During World War 1, the British used the wax for orthopaedic issues. It is now used within healthcare and the beauty industry.
Paraffin Wax
Paraffin wax comes in many forms: blocks, pellets and bars. The wax is placed in a wax heater; the melting point is between 46°C and 68°C. Many come with automatic temperature controls [25]. As the wax melts, it transforms into a liquid. Once the wax is applied, it will immediately reform, and as it cools down, it forms a sooth coating, transferring the heat onto the area.
Pellets Paraffin Bath Paraffin blocks
The wax heater looks like a mini bath. The controls consist of an on/off switch and a dial for temperature control. Many have just the one control: low heat – the middle setting to maintain temperature and keep wax in a liquid form – the top setting for melting the wax. The wax pellets, or blocks, are placed in the bath, the dial is turned to melt, and this has to be done prior to the client’s appointment time. Once the wax is converted into liquid, turn the dial to the middle setting and leave it to cool before doing a thermal test on yourself. Paraffin treatment is a face and body treatment, but for this report, we will be concentrate on a back treatment. The wax can be applied to the area by a brush. Hands, feet or elbows may be dipped into the bath.
Current
No current is involved with this treatment, but wax temperature has to be monitored and a thermal test done on yourself and the client.
Contra-indications
Skin disorders and diseases
Cuts and abrasion
Sensitive skin
Diabetic
Loss of sensation in the skin
Cuts and abrasions
Benefits
Soften skin
Relieves fatigued or sore muscles
Increases lymphatic system
Heat penetration
Increases blood circulation
Effects
Disadvantages
Skin burns, if the wax is too hot
Treatment Times
15 – 30 minutes
This will depend upon the client’s skin type and reaction to treatment.
Treatment plan
Paraffin wax treatment is an ideal pre warming treatment not only for the body but may also be used as a facial mask and used within manicures and pedicures as part of specialised treatments.
Paraffin Wax Back Treat procedure [26]
Throughout the treatment, speak to your client, to ensure their comfort and that treatment is not causing pain or discomfort. Place enough wax for the treatment into the bath, switch on the machine and turn the control dial to high/melt. This has to be done 30 minutes prior to the client’s appointment. Once the wax has melted into liquid form, turn the dial to the middle control and allow the wax to coo. Once the wax is at the correct temperature, perform a thermal test on yourself by placing wax on the inside of your wrist. If the wax is still too hot, remove the lid of the bath and allow it to cool and re-test. If the wax is at a good temperature, then proceed with treatment. Cleanse the skin and apply oil using effleurage movements.
Do a wax-test on the client. If the wax is at the correct temperature to suit the client, proceed with application. Using a large brush, dip into the wax bath and quickly apply the wax; use your free hand to catch any drips of wax. Application should be quick, even and smooth. For the back area, we will create a square shape, using a quick stroke for each application. You will want to achieve an even thickness across the entire area. Once this has been achieved, cover the area with cling film, as this will help maintain heat. Cover the client with a towel and blanket, as the wax is left for 15 – 30 minutes. Once the time has completed, the wax will have harden slightly. Lift the edges of the wax applied, keeping the cling film on the wax, and roll to the centre of the area and remove any residue which can be removed with damp cotton pads. Proceed with the treatment plan.
Once the treatment has been fully completed, switch off the bath and wipe it clean with surgical spirits.
Trolley set up
Place the trolley on your right side, or if left-handed, on your left.
The trolley should be wiped clean with surgical sprits.
The top tier is ideal for placing a small electrical equipment unit. Or, if
it is a large multi-functional unit, place it next to the trolley.
All equipment must be sanitised prior to usage and after usage always follow health and safety standards.
High-Frequency – have a selection of electrodes, cleansed with surgical sprits.
Vacuum Suction – have a selection of ventouse/cups, cleansed with surgical sprits.
Galvanic – have a selection of electrodes and straps, pads, sponge and leads. Specialised gels.
Faradic – discs, leads and straps, specialised gels.
G5 – selection of application heads.
Infar-red – place the lamp away from the plinth, and switch on 5 minutes before the treatment time.
Paraffin Wax – wax bath with wax blocks, switched on 30 minutes before the treatment time.
Safety-check the equipment, ensure that the leads, plug etc., do not cause any hazards.
Check that the machine is in working order and switch off to ensure that the intensity control is at zero.
On the second tier, cover it with a sheet of bed roll, as this will protect the trolley against spillages.
Place the products, once selected, such as eye makeup remover, Cleanser, Toner, Exfoliater, Talcum powder, Oxygenating cream, Gauze, Mask,
Moisturiser and a box of tissues. Ensure that the products do not contain alcohol, as this is flammable, and as the treatment involves electrical current, such products should be avoided.
Damp cotton pads – place in a bowl.
Large bowl with warm water and facial sponges, place this away from the trolley in case of water spillage on electrical equipment.
Place damp mitts in a towel warmer, as this helps with mask removal.
On the third tier, place extra bedding and some small hand towels, in case they are needed.
Plinth set up
Cover the plinth with a fresh, clean couch cover.
Place a fleece blanket over the plinth, as this will enable you to wrap the client and keep them warm during their treatment.
Place a pillow at the top end of the plinth for head support, and cover with a small hand towel.
For a body treatment, you may not need the pillow
Now cover the linen with couch roll.
Place a large towel vertically over the couch roll, turn down the corner, this will be an indicator for the client where to position themselves. For a body treatment, place two large towels.
For the initial consultation, you will need two chairs. Once completed, place the therapist chair at the top end of the plinth.
Once you have completed your trolley and plinth set-up, do a safety check, ensuring that nothing is causing, or likely to cause, a hazard.
Client Preparation
Carry out a full client consultation and complete the client card.
Explain the treatment, informing them of any sensations they may feel and that once the machine is switched on, there will be a crackling sound from the electrode. Answer any questions they may have about the treatment.
Ask the client to remove all jewellery, as metal is a conductor of electricity.
Show the client where they can store their belonging and ask them to remove and place any valuables in their bag, or wrap in a tissue and place it in their shoe.
Inform the client of which clothing is required to be removed and depending on the treatment, ask the client to lie on their back or stomach under the towel on the plinth; and ask the client not to touch any metal on the bed during the treatment.
Whilst client is changing, quickly collect all products relating to your clients skin type or needs for the treatment.
During the treatment ensure client comfort, checking their warmth, pressure or sensation.
Once treatment is complete offer client a glass of water and aid to sit up, as treatment may cause light headiness.
Give client after care advise on their treatment, eg: drink plenty of fluid, side effects, and further recommedations.
Health and Safety
There are a number of health & safety legislations which should be adhered to whilst working within a salon, and the use of electrical equipment [27].
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
This act covers health and safety within the workplace. Employers/manager/supervisors are responsible for ensuring that there is a health and safety policy which will outline all procedures, and which all staff must see, read and adhere to. They must provide a safe working environment, any hazards or risks are dealt with or eliminated, carry out risk assessments, ensure any health and safety issues are dealt with, and employees are regularly informed of any changes or new procedures. It is also the responsibility of the employee to ensure that all working practices are followed and that no one is put at risk i.e. clients, colleagues.
Workplace Regulation 1992
This covers Health/Safety/Welfare within the workplace. Whether it be an office, factory or salon, it ensures that all working environments have adequate lighting, ventilation, heating, floor space, waste disposal and cleanliness are provided for. It also deals with equipment and welfare issues i.e. toilets, restrooms and drinking water.
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Act 2002 COSHH
This Act requires that control measures are put in place when dealing with hazardous substances, and that all the procedures are followed by all concerned. This includes how the substance is stored, disposed of, what protective clothing is required, all accident/indents are record, and that everyone dealing with the substance receives the required training.
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulation 1998 and Electricity at Work Regulation 1989
Both of these regulations require that all equipment provided for use at work is safe and appropriate for the use they are intended for, that they are checked and serviced at the required times, and that the equipment operators are fully trained. It also covers the responsibilities and precautions that must be followed by all concerned i.e. check the leads and cables, follow the manufacturer’s instructions, and ensure that the machine is not misused. It also deals with risks and hazards, such as any faulty machines should be removed and labelled ‘Do not use’. Records should be kept which detail the machine, purchase, checks and fault. It also covers the risks of electrical accidents such as shock, and that a procedure is in place to deal with such an accident.
First Aid Regulation 1981
This act requires that the correct number of first aid staff be in the work place to cover the number of workforce and that there is the appropriate stocked first aid kits. There is normally an appointed person who holds this position as first aider, and who has been trained and holds a current first aid certificate. There should be in place a procedure that all staff should be fully aware off.
Manual Handing Operations 1992
This covers the handling of heavy goods, and the correct way in which to do so.
Fire Precaution
This Act covers the safety measures put in place in case of fire, i.e. smoke alarms working and checked regularly, fire exit doors are unlocked and kept clear from obstructions and are clearly signed. Fire drill and evacuation instructions are in place and are seen/read by all employees; with regular fire drills being held.
As you can see, there are a number of regulations and legislation which we all must adhere to, and which will provide us all with a safe and healthy working environment; not only for ourselves, but for our colleagues and clients, and also helps to prevent and eliminate any potential risk or hazard.
Bibliography
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