Ever since 1919, effects of activities of fluorides and salivary amylase have been reported. Nonetheless, research on effects of salivary amylase and fluorides activities are limited. Investigation carried out by several research workers on salivary amylase about dividing belongingss of amylum to dental cavities development showed assorted consequences. While other surveies implied a correlativity between dental cavities and high activities of salivary amylase, some research on the same subject showed negative correlativity. At the same clip, other surveies showed no correlativity at all ( Vergona, 1993 ) .
Salivary amylase AIDSs in metamorphosis and colonisation of streptococci that lead to dental pestilence and dental cavities formation. It acts as a receptor on which micro-organism sticks to tooth surfaces. Furthermore it has capablenesss of adhering to surfaces of bacteriums and hydrolyses starch to bring forth merchandises that are altered to organize acids. In in vivo and in vitro surveies, it is indicated that Na fluoride inhibits salivary amylase enzyme when the concentration of fluoride is more than 5 ten 10-2 M ( BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts, 1978 ) . This means that salivary amylase of human being is non impinged on when fluoride concentration is below 5 ten 10-2 M. In vivo survey showed that when a rat drinks H2O that has 25 or 50 ppm of fluorides for a period of four hebdomads, there is stimulation of salivary amylase secernment and flow rate in parotid secretory organs ( Afonsky, 1961 ) .
Influence of human salivary secretory organs by fluoride is done by usage of Na fluoride solution ( NaF ) in in vitro experiment. In this experiment, participants are allowed to fast nightlong and wash their oral cavity with H2O that is distilled before masticating parafilm at around 9 a.m. Saliva is so produced within the following two proceedingss after H2O rinsing for a period of 10 proceedingss and centrifuged at 12500 ten g in a extractor known as Sorvall RC2-B. At this point the spit pH degree is measured ( Kettering Laboratory, 1963 ) .
The informations produced from preliminary analysis of this survey do non demo any of import difference between sexes on activities of salivary amylase. Changing the concentration of NaF runing ( sodium flouride ) between 0 and 500 millimeters do non do major differences in activities of salivary amylase. When NaF concentration is at 100 millimeter, the activity of salivary amylase is more than 100 % . But when the concentration of NaF is at 500mM, the activity of salivary amylase becomes 92.8 % . Because of intraoral activity of salivary amylase, it is considered as really of import for unwritten wellness. Salivary secretory organ produces this enzyme and is found at a low concentration in parotid secretory organ. It is protein in nature and in molecular footings, it has a 62-67 kDa weight. Amylase enzyme digests polysaccharides through hydrolysis of animal starch, 4 glucosidic amylum linkages and other polyoses ( Rajesndran, 2009 ) .
An check enzyme is made by a mixture that has 3ml of 0.2 % of solution of amylum, 3 % of 0.1M solution of Tris buffer which has a pH of 7.0 and 0.1M solution of saliva infusion that is diluted. The assay mixture is warmed at a temperature of 37 grades Celsius for a period of one hr. Towards the terminal period of experiment, aliquot solution holding 1.0 M is pipetted in a trial tubing that has a 1.0 N solution of Nelson_Somogyi. This mixture is so heated in hot H2O for a period non less than ten proceedingss. 1.0M solution of NaF solution is added to this mixture after chilling down. The attendant solution is appropriately diluted and read in a spectrophotometer on 520nm grade.
In a latest research, it was shown that a decoction of tea that has high fluoride concentration exhibits no amylase suppression. Furthermore, no enzyme activity is observed on add-on of more concentration of NaF ( Seifert, 1986 ) . Ph fluctuation of incubation medium caused the NaF suppression consequence. In this experiment, after incubation period of one hr, it is impossible to feel fluctuations that are more than 0.01 ph unit. Making a comparing between the joint consequences gained from the experiment with H2O and the 1 that was gotten from rinsing with a solution of 0.05 % NaF shows that the difference becomes significantly important. There is a possibility that immense single fluctuation gotten from every group is likely to act upon analysis.
The concluding consequences gotten for activity of amylase in in vivo experiment were succumbed to prove of Kolmogorov-Smirnov ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . They yielded the figures d= 0.06868 and p= ns connoting that this information fits normal distribution curve ( Shils & A ; Shike, 2006 ) . Despite the fact that the mean values found for activity of human salivary amylase after rinsing with a solution of 0.05 % NaF were more than the 1s found by rinsing with H2O that is distilled, the ANOVA analysis shows that the differences were non statistically important. Merely as other research workers found out, with the conditions in this survey, whether in vivo experiment of rinsing the participantaa‚¬a„?s oral cavity with a solution of 0.05 % ( 11.9 millimeter ) of NaF or in vitro experiment with equal to 500 mM solution of NaF of incubation, it is impossible to analyze any discernible fluoride consequence on human salivary amylase activities ( Yuehuei & A ; Friedman, 2000 ) .
Even though the alpha-amylase shows to be unusually stable on high pH degrees, it is rather possible that detected lessening in enzyme activity degrees when it was treated with 100 millimeters and 500nM NaF solution severally is caused by addition in pH by the fluoride actions. The stableness and activity of human salivary amylase is relied on aluminum and Na ions that are present. Just like disulfide linkages, aluminum specifically forms cross-links of molecules with the protein of the enzyme. A figure of enzymes that need aluminum for activity are slowed down by fluoride. The mechanism used in suppression seem to be through fluoride that induced aluminum remotion as it was suggested in a old research that used amylase which was obtained from mung bean seedlings ( Thimann, 1944 ) .
Another survey that has been carried out in Mexico by Alarcon-Herrera et Al indicates that self-generated breaks of castanetss in grownups often show decreased tensile strength in castanetss were proportionately higher at 6ppm F concentration in H2O than at any other concentration degree of F ( Tmh, 2006 ) . However, dental fluorosis that increases with increased F concentration in H2O correlatives with incidences of bone breaks in both grownups every bit good as kids ( King & A ; Reiss, 2001 ) .
Decision
This survey has shown that the effects of NaF concentration on human salivary amylase activities are shown in in vivo and in vitro experiments. In vitro experiment showed that no statistically considerable difference is observed in the activity of amylase after incubation period of one hr utilizing a fluoride solution that is concentrated to 550mM. With in vivo experiment, the consequence of 0.05 % solution of Na fluoride is examined on human salivary amylase that was gathered at different intervals after rinsing the oral cavity of the participants. For a 2nd clip, no statistically considerable difference is examined in the activity of amylase in all the examined samples.
