While all these environments seem very extreme to humans, several extremities have invaded other organisms themselves, giving a whole new meaning to the word “extreme”. The species of interest, Rhizome leguminous. Falls under the broad group of rhizome, which are classified as nitrogen-fixing nodules that form on the roots of leguminous plants (Young and Haiku 1996). Rhizome leguminous was the first discovered species of rhizome, and is classified under the Recognizable family of the Rhizome genus. This classification is all part of the alpha subdivision of Practitioner.
Since rhizome have such a broad range of organisms In it, It is split up into a total of three genera: Rhizome, Praseodymium and Agoraphobics. Rhizome are similar in the fact that they fix nitrogen symbiotically through root nodules, but diversely distinctive by the specific way they accomplish that means, hence all the different classifications. It was in the year of 1888 that the studies to two German scientists, Helloing and Walworth, proved that It was the root nodule bacteria that provided nitrogen to their host plants.
The next year, Frank (1889) published the nodular symbiosis under the amen Rhizome leguminous, and It has remained to this day. These studies brought to light the importance of rhizome and leguminous nitrogen fixation to the scientific community. Since its discovery, Rhizome leguminous and rhizome in general have been extensively studied and several rhizome organisms have had their entire genomes completely mapped. This scientific progress has allowed us to further understand rhizome’s structure and function.
Biosphere nitrogen Is eventually lost into the atmosphere, and requires constant maintenance and replenishment (Nylons, Pillows, and Bestselling 1995). Only some prokaryote can perform this highly oxygen-sensitive reduction process of nitrogen to ammonia. Efficient nitrogen fixers establish a symbiosis with higher plants where the plant partner provides the energy for nitrogen fixation. Rhizome leguminous Is one of these highly efficient nitrogen fixers, and it has some very unique growth factors.
Initially, the rhizome bacteria lives freely In the soil, typically around the roots of various plants such as clover, alfalfa, beans, and soy (Kimball 2011). But the bacteria do not stop here, as they cannot fix any nitrogen until the invasion of the roots of heir appropriate legume. Once this invasion is complete, the rhizome are engulfed into membrane-enclosed symbioses in the cytoplasm of the legume’s root cells. Fixation of nitrogen in the guts of termites (Oakum, Node, and Kudos 1999).
Rhizome and its related symbiotic nitrogen fixers are an important part of the agricultural world, as nitrogen is the most common nutrient deficiency. Due to the importance of nitrogen fixing bacteria, there is much literature on these extremities and their methods. To comprehensively grasp how rhizome are the specific extremities that they re, one must look first to the physiology of these root-nodule bacteria (Tailored, James, Spent, and Newton 2007).
The rhizome must survive for extended periods of time submerged in soils, which is often under stress from varying factors, such as pH and salinity concentrations. It must also be able to adapt to the specific rhizomes, which is a narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms, and finally achieve symbiosis with the legume host. Generally, the rhizomes is nutrient low, thus causing the rhizome to have to find a histological way to adapt.
The rhizome solve this predicament with their unusually large genome. Studying the completed genomes of several rhizome, including Rhizome leguminous, has determined that many genes are devoted to transport and catabolic systems, allowing the rhizome to utilize the low concentration of nutrients at a more efficient level. When the rhizome is ready to leave the rhizomes, a series of signals are reciprocally exchanged between the leguminous plant and the rhizome bacteria Cones, Sickbay’s, Davies, Tag, and Walker 2007).
Before any nitrogen can be fixed, he bacteria must find a way inside the legume. This is done through the production of infection threads, which help the bacteria to infiltrate the plants deep tissue. The beginning stages of an infection thread involves the trapping of the bacteria at the tip of the root hair, followed by the production of a Nod factor that allows for ongoing infection thread formation to occur. Once the bacteria have penetrated the base of a root hair cell, their work is far from done.
To achieve the ultimate goal of indications of the bacteria by the plant cell in the plant cortex, both a plant hormone cytokine ND the Nod factor help direct the bacteria towards the plant cortex. Once the bacteria reach the inner plant cortex tissue layer, each cell is individually endorsed through a membrane compartment originating from the infection thread. This entire entity, both the bacteria and the membrane, is referred to as the symbioses.
Before the bacterial cells can start fixing nitrogen, they must divide at the same time with their surrounding membranes to survive and eventually begin to differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacterial forms. To ensure symbioses compartment survival, the bacteria utilizes polysaccharides (LIPS), which make up a majority of the outer membrane, to help produce appropriately structured lipids necessary to the bacteria for cell elongation, and ultimately nitrogen fixation. The host plant also holds significant control over the survival of the symbioses by providing nutrient support and a macrobiotic (low- oxygen level) environment.
Once this support has been given, along with a constant supply of carbon to provide the energy required for differentiation and nitrogen fixation, the bacteria can start expressing the enzyme nitrogenous. The low oxygen environment induces a chain reaction that begins with respiratory enzymes nitrogen to two molecules of ammonia. The bacteria can then secrete this freshly produced ammonia into the host plants’ ammonia channels, where the plant assimilates it for further growth and development.
This long and complicated process alone proves that the rhizome is an extremely capable of withstanding low oxygen levels coupled with varying extreme levels of pH and salinity. Since the discovery of the rhizome group and their unique abilities of symbiotic nitrogen fixing, the research conducted on it would mainly be considered basic science, research to simply gain knowledge of the organism and how it works. Starting with the complete mapping of several genomes of the species, scientists then progressed to learning the complete intriguing process that the bacteria experience.
Currently, most of the studies that are being conducted would still be classified as basic science, I. E. The biochemistry, complete genome sequence, and various infection and invasion root data of rhizome bacteria that help further our understanding of the agricultural field. However, as our population begins to grow, people are becoming more and more concerned with feeding a planet of 8-9 billion people. This recent concern has led to studies questioning the current agricultural methods.
Unfortunately, the integrity of our food sources, mainly soil, air, and water, has declined due to our mistreatment of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in modern agriculture (Vance 2001). The role of legumes, and therefore biological nitrogen fixation, has seen a decline in current farming methods over the recent years. As a result, several “applied science” studies have surfaced re-emphasizing the importance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation through the use of legumes to help combat the long-term unsuitability that artificial fertilizers have produced.
The importance of Rhizome leguminous, and all rhizome, could not be overstated. Even though nitrogen is the most abundant element on the Earth, it severely limits plant growth because of its inaccessibility (Vance 2001). Plants depend immensely upon an efficient and beneficial way to acquire nitrogen, and what better way than the naturalistic fixation of nitrogen through symbiotic bacterial extremities. Just as plants depend upon the rhizome bacteria to satisfy their nitrogen needs, humans rely on plants to provide the required nutritional nitrogen essential for survival.
Scientific research and investigations into reintroducing leguminous symbiotic bacteria in modern agriculture is essential to combat the current environmental degradation caused by artificial fertilizers. With a global food supply shortage this “extreme”, the solution can only be found in an extremely, the nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria. Jones, K. M. , H. Sickbay’s, B. W. Davies, M. E. Tag, and G. C. Walker. 2007. How highball symbiosis invade plants: the Summarization- Medicaid model. Nature Reviews Microbiology 5:619-633.
