The study was correlation, therefore there are variables being measured and related, rather than an independent and dependent variable. The key variables simply are the individuals/exercisers and the questionnaires themselves. Mastery climate includes task mastery and personal improvement where as performance climate includes the comparison with peers and the down playing of the role of effort. There was a correlation between the scores for mastery climate versus the scores for performance climate, as well as a correlation between scores for incremental beliefs versus entity beliefs.
The table shown below shows that mastery climate is positively correlated with incremental beliefs, where as the performance limited was positively correlated with entity beliefs. Mastery climate was again positively correlated while the performance climate was negatively correlated with perceived competence. Many other correlations were made throughout the results of the study that are also shown within the table. Design The study that was presented was a correlation study. Participants The study consisted of 727 exercisers that attended various sports centers.
There were 402 males and 325 females and they ranged from 16 to 78 years old. The article did not state how the participants were recruited for the study. Out of the 727 participants , 26 of them exercised occasionally, which was considered to be less than a week; 50 of them exercised once or twice a week and 651 exercised three or more times a week. Procedure That data was collected through four different questionnaires relating to exercisers’ perception of motivational climate, implicit beliefs about ability, exerciser’s goals, and exercisers’ self-determination in exercise.
Also, a cross-sectional study was done by using two sport centers with class sizes ranging from 20-25 exercisers and giving them questionnaires. Participants were randomly chosen, but they took into account attendance as far as time slots and weekdays. They wanted to make sure that they distributed the questionnaires when there were more exercisers available. They provided instructions and made sure to address the fact that the data was confidential and the answers were anonymous.
Correlations were calculated and then they used the bootstrapping procedure along with testing a measurement model as well as a structural model. The invariance or consistency of the model was checked across gender as well as age using multi-group analysis. Results The results shown in the table show that exercisers demonstrated a higher score for mastery climate than performance climate, and a higher score for incremental beliefs compared with entity beliefs. As mentioned before, mastery climate was positively correlated with incremental beliefs and performance climate was positively correlated with entity beliefs.
Mastery climate was positively correlated and performance climate was negatively correlated with perceived competence. An incremental belief is according to which the subject believes that his/her ability can e improved through training, learning and effort, whereas an entity belief is according to which ability is viewed as innate, cannot be approved upon and depends on natural talent. 8. Conclusions The hypothesis or expected result is supported throughout the study and in the final results. The applicability of the framework within physical exercise was supported by the results.
According to the Psychology of Sport and Exercise, one of the key aspects for the development of self-determination theory is its integration with other theories of motivation. The study used a motivational model that combined achievement goal hurry and self-determination theory in order to explain self-determined motivation. The study showed the incremental ability beliefs positively predicted mastery- approach goals, where as entity beliefs positively predicted performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals.
Those results show that exercisers who believe ability can be improved will strive to achieve personal achievement. Those who believe that their ability cannot be improved tend to often compare their performance with others. Approach-avoidance framework did not predict however that incremental beliefs positively predicted performance approach and reference avoidance goals. 9. Personal Thoughts My thoughts regarding this article were mainly positive. I personally thought the article was interesting because of what the article was focusing on, which was individuals and exercise.
I am highly interested in exercise and the different aspects of motivation that relate to it. I think the research is important because it focuses on looking at achievement goals, self-determination within individuals and also implicit ability beliefs, which all relate to what motivates or pushes individuals to engage in exercise. I believe that the entity beliefs are a negative way to be motivated because you should not have to compare yourself with others in order to get the motivation you need to perform better.
This research could be applied to professional athletes because one could look into why the athlete is performing a certain way, and what lies beneath their motivation to perform that way. Motivation for professional athletes can stem from many different things including personal values/beliefs, believing in their talent, the desire for money, or for the desire to compete and constantly want to compare themselves to other athletes. I strongly believe research should be continued in this area because understanding what lies beneath ones motivation to do something helps relate to why one may feel the motivation that they do. 0. Strengths/Criticisms There are several strengths within the study that was conducted, the main one being that the results supported the hypothesis, or the expected result and that was clearly defined within the discussion portion of the article. According to the Psychology of Sport and Exercise, the results supported the applicability of the framework in the context of physical exercise. Another strength within the article would be the references that the authors give to other studies or people for example the reference to Deck and Elegant (1988) talking about achievement contexts (543).
The correlations that were given throughout the study were relatively clear and easy to understand. A criticism I have with the study is that some of the information given was repeated various times, although it may have been in a different format, the context was the same. Another criticism would be that the results section may not be clear to many readers, especially the part where they describe how they came up tit the numbers they received. Although I read the article numerous times, I still had a rough time understanding the procedure of using the models to get the data for the table.
I agree with the conclusions that the authors came up with because they clearly supported their results with data and correlations between the variables. 11. Link to Class The main chapters that would discuss information from this article would be in Chapter 8: Drives, Needs and Awareness, and also Chapter 10: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation. There are several areas of motivation that this article falls under one eyeing self-determination theory. The self-determination theory applies because the study was looking at motivational frameworks and how an individual is the origin of his or her own behavior.
Self-determination theory is one way to explain the development of intrinsic motivation which is briefly correlated with incremental beliefs. The self-determination theory correlates with the exercise setting because physically doing the action of exercise partially comes from the individual in the sense that they cause a behavior to be done, and they have control over the action or behavior. The self-determination theory has three basic needs including autonomy, competence, and relatedness; which all are necessary in order for an individual’s well-being.
According to Decide & Ryan, they believe that the more the three needs are met through an activity the more pleasure someone gets from the activity, and then the more motivated they become. Achievement motivation is also a motivational framework and relates to the need for one to achieve. The achievement goal framework directly relates to mastery and performance goals. The majority of the research for the achievement goal framework came from Elliot & McGregor studies.
