Child Welfare And Domestic Violence Essay, Research Paper
Child safety and Domestic Violence
It is astonishing to me the kids are removed from place, where the female parents have been victims of domestic force. Besides that the victim is frequently left to remain with the batterer. I am a instance director in a Prevention bureau in the South Bronx. One of the households that I am working with the female parent was physically, emotionally and verbally by her ex-boyfriend. Her ex-boyfriend besides sexually molested her two oldest boies. This adult male put a gun to my client caput and made her ticker as he fondled her boy private parts. She informed that the she was a victim of domestic force for about a twelvemonth, but when the incidents go on with her boies. She eventually called the Police and ACS got involved and removed her kids. The adult male was put in gaol, but harmonizing to the client the Judge on the instance felt sorry for the maltreater, because of he had such a bad childhood. I wonder if the Judge thought about my client and her kids and how this adult male disrupted their life and the panics that he left behind. Finally this adult male went to imprison for slaying. My client showed me endangering missive that he sent her from gaol. She was moved to the Bronx by Victim Services. When the kids were returned to the female parent two old ages subsequently with no services in topographic point, merely preventative services. This household was non connected to any mental wellness services, in order to assist the household trade with the affect of the domestic force and sexual maltreatment. These kids had to travel through the injury of watching their female parent being abused and being abused themselves. These kids besides had to cover with the injury of being removed from the female parent and separate from their siblings. The two oldest male child went to Residential Treatment Centers in upstate New York and the other three kids went into Foster attention places. The fact that these kids were removed from the female parent neglecting to protect her kids baffles me. How was this female parent supposed to protect her kids if she couldn? T protect herself. Many would state she could hold left him. My client reported that she tried to go forth him one time, but her found her. It has been about a twelvemonth that I have been working with this household and seeking to acquire them the services they need. During this clip the client two oldest male childs were removed from the place one time once more for sexually molesting their younger siblings. If this household were provided the proper services from the beginning this incident may hold ne’er happen. This adult females felt that the system had betrayed her, so it was hard for my as the bar worker to acquire this client to swear me. As clip went by the client realized that I was truly seeking to assist her the client-worker relationship improved. I believe that as supplier we must look at the whole image and seek to supply these household with all the services they may necessitate.
This is the ground that I feel that there must be a alteration within all the bureaus involves with victims of domestic force and their kids, bear downing a victims of domestic force with failure to protect is faulting the victims, for the domestic maltreatment they have endured. In a study by The? Failure to Protect? Working Group it states
( 1999, 3 ) Domestic Violence advocators have long fought for acknowledgment that domestic force injuries kids and households. It besides states: ? Increasingly in New York City, maltreatment and neglect proceeding are brought against beat-up female parents whose kids are removed from them where the lone allegation is their kids? s? exposure? to domestic force. This attack has the unfortunate consequence of detering beat-up female parents from seeking the services they need to get away domestic force and frequently do farther injury to kids and households. ?
Sometimes people that come in contact with victims of domestic force, put the incrimination on the victim, by stating why didn? T they leave. What people need to understand is that it is non easy. Many adult male are the exclusive protagonist of the household and the adult females leave she may be non be capable of back uping herself and her kids. There are limited sums of batterer adult females shelters. ( Domestic Violence Information for Women, 2000, 1-2 ) Harmonizing to this article adult females stay in domestic force relationships for the undermentioned grounds:
Fear: Harmonizing to the FBI up to 40% of females homicides in any given twelvemonth occur when the adult females decides to go forth the opprobrious relationship. Her frights are non baseless! Given this face, it is really of import that the battered adult female’s look of fright non to be minimized.
Lack Of Resources: ? the major constituents of maltreatment is isolation, the battered adult females most frequently lacks a support system. Her household ties and friendly relationships have been destroyed go forthing her psychologically and financially dependent on the opprobrious spouse.
Lack Of Finances/Economic Realty: Economic dependance on the maltreater is a really existent ground for staying in the relationship. Public aid plans have been drastically reduced and those that remain provide unequal benefits.
Childs: Bing a individual parent is strenuous experience under the best of circumstance, and for beat-up adult females, conditions are far from the best. Often, the maltreater may endanger to take the kids off from her if she even attempts to go forth.
Feeling Of Guilt: The adult females believe that her hubby is? ill? and/or needs her aid; the thought of go forthing can therefore bring forth feelings of guilt.
Promises: As is consistent with the rhythm of force, the maltreater promises it will ne’er go on once more; the victim wants to believe this is true.
Sex-Role Conditioning: Most adult females are still taught to be inactive and dependent on work forces.
Religious Beliefs And Valuess: Religious beliefs reinforce the committedness to marriage. Many religions hold that the hubby is caput of the household and it is a married woman’s responsibility to be submissive to him. This may be powerful ground for remaining in a destructive relationship.
Social Acceptance/ Reinforcement Of Violence To Women/Wives: Many people turn a? deaf ear? to matrimonial force and believe what goes on behind closed doors is a? private mode. ?
Love of Spouse: Most people enter a relationship for love, and the emotion does non merely disappear easy or in the face of trouble.
Battered Womans’s Syndrome: The kineticss of domestic force which contribute to Battered Woman’s Syndrome include:
1. the traumatic effects of victimization
2. learned weakness
3. self [ destructive behaviours as a get bying response to force, such as drug/alcohol maltreatment and minimization/denial
4. perennial rhythms of maltreatment
The beat-up adult females, holding been consistently abused by her spouse perceives that there is now manner out of the relationship.
The pick to go forth or remain should non be placed on the adult females. I believed that if a adult females is a victim of domestic force knew that if she called the bull on her batterer and he put in gaol and if she knew her kids will non be removed by ACS, more studies of domestic force would be made and more victim and kids would be safe. Victims of Domestic force and their kids demands to hold services in topographic point that would assist them travel on after the maltreatment. All of the bureau involved with victim of domestic force should, associate a system that keeps victim and their kids safe. ( Carter & A; Schechter, 1997, 1 ) For the past several old ages, the Family Violence Prevention Fund, with support from the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation has worked with kids public assistance bureaus and domestic force plans to develop advanced policies, pattern and collaborative service bringing systems to guarantee greater safety for adult females and kids in their places.
It has been proven that it takes a collaborated consequence of all in involved to guarantee the safety of the victim and their kids. As supplier we must look at the whole image. One can non presume because a female parent did non go forth the maltreater that she is inattentive. It is hard for any parent to go forth a relationship when there are kids involved even in the instance of divorce. We must understand that domestic force is an issue affecting control. The maltreaters have a demand to command the people in their lives. Many abuser have low ego regard, many have been abuses themselves or witness the maltreatment of their female parents. Abusers need to be held accountable for the maltreatment they have inflicted on the member of his household. Domestic force is a three crease job and as supplier we must cover with all people involved.
It has been proven that there is a correlativity between kid maltreatment and domestic force ( Carter & A; Schechter, 1997, 2 ) Child maltreatment and domestic force frequently occur in the same household and are linked in a figure of of import ways that have serious effects for the safety of kids. First, domestic force frequently straight consequences in physical hurt and/or psychological injury to kids. Second, even when domestic force does non ensue direct physical hurt to the kid, it can interfere with both the female parent’s and the male parent’s rearing to such a grade that the kids may be neglected, Third, while an intercession into child maltreatment may be ab initio effectual, the impact of that intercession will shortly be sabotaged, if domestic force is besides present, and if the culprit is non held accountable for halting the force and the grownup victim is non protected.
It is of import to look at the consequence of domestic force has on kids. Harmonizing to an article written about kids ( Burt, 1999, 1 ) From the clip kids are conceived, they become closely, connected with and affected by domestic force directed at their female parents. Violence tends to increase during gestation, which in bend contributes to an increased rate of abortion. Babies frequently develop an intense fright of grownups, lose their appetency and shriek endlessly. Unfortunately, these behaviours create more strain for households that are already over-stressed. Harmonizing to the same article these are the behaviours that are kids that live in a place where there is domestic force. Acting out- Some kids may react with internalized symptoms such a arrested development and societal isolation. Other may develop externalized negative behaviours that included incubuss, hyperactivity, aggression and delinquency. Research about kids of assorted ages has found that 50-70 per cent of kids exposed to domestic force suffer from Post Traumatic Disorder? . Other reaction to domestic force includes Anger, Shame, The perfectionist these kids believe that they can do thing better between his parents if merely he is? good enough. ? ? .
Harmonizing to the research it was non until the 1980’s that research workers began to look into the consequence domestic force had on kids. ( Fantuzzo & A; Mohr, 1999, 26 ) ? included surveies that compared kids exposed to domestic force with kids from nonviolent places with regard to one or more facets of kid operation, including:
( 1 ) projecting behaviours ( such as aggressive behaviour and behavior jobs ); ( 2 ) internalizing behaviours ( such as depression, anxiousness and low ego regard ); ( 3 ) rational and academic operation: ( 4 ) societal development ( societal competences with equals and grownups, for illustration; and ( 5 ) physical wellness and development. ( Fantuzzo & A; Mohr, 26,27 ) To day of the month research on the effects of kids exposure to domestic force indicates that this exposure has an inauspicious impact across a scope of kid operation, produces different effects at different ages, increases the hazard for kid maltreatment, and is associated with other hazard factor, such as poorness and parental substance maltreatment.
Research has proven that kids that are witness of domestic force development jobs that are associated with the maltreatment. We must look into the functions of mental wellness suppliers and what they can make to assist halt the rhythm of maltreatment. ( Groves, 1999, 122 )
? empirical research has demonstrated that exposure to domestic force deleteriously affects kids’s societal, emotional, and cognitive development. Given the negative reverberations of kids’s exposure to domestic force, there exists a demand for plans that can step in in these kids’s lives to better their possible for healthy psychological accommodation. As described in this article the ends of the mental wellness supplier are as follows: ( Groves, 1999, 125 ) A first end of curative intercession is advancing unfastened treatment of the kids’s experiences. Second healers seek to assist kids understand and get by with their emotional responses to the force while advancing their emotional responses to the force, while advancing their acquisition of positive behaviour forms. Schemes include helping kids with understanding why their parents fight and assisting them to recognize that the combat is non their mistake, and that they are non responsible for pull offing it. Third, mental healths intercessions seek to cut down the symptoms the kids are sing in response to the force. Most attacks strive to assist the kid and the nonabusing parent to associate the debatable symptoms to the exposure to force and to learn specific schemes for pull offing and diminishing symptoms. Finally, healers work to assist the household make a sage, stable and nurturing environment for the kid, because kids can non get down to retrieve from the effects of exposure to violence so long as the exposure continues.
We must besides look at the jurisprudence enforcement and tribunals point of view every bit far as child witnessing and domestic force is concern. ( Lemon, 1999, 68 ) Through jurisprudence enforcement and tribunals have become progressively cognizant of domestic force as a major job, they still tend to see it as chiefly impacting grownups and have been slower to see its possible negative impact on kids exposed to it. This position is altering, mostly due to recent surveies demoing that exposure to domestic force can be really harmful to kids and that big Numberss of kids are involved in domestic force instances. As supplier we must besides educate ourselves on how the tribunal decides trial and detention in instances that involve domestic force ( Lemon, 1999, 69 ) ? four key issues related to kids exposed to domestic force; child detention and trial, keeping order, failure to protect a kid from injury; and expiration of parental rights. Child detention and trial is an country that must be looked at closely by the Judge make up one’s minding on this opinion.
In recommending for victims of domestic force in the tribunals we must maintain in head that frequently the batterer use the kids to acquire back at the victim and this can set the victim and her kid in danger ( Saunders, PH.D. , 1998, 10 ) Daniel G. Saunders, PH.D from the University of Michigan
School of Social Work writes: The current enthusiasm for joint kid detention and broad trial demand to be tempered drastically in instances affecting domestic force for the undermentioned grounds:
? Work force who batter their intimate spouses have a high potency for physically and emotionally mistreating their kids.
? Child detention ratings frequently place beat-up adult females at a disadvantage because life in an opprobrious relationship may bring forth traumatic effects that give the false feeling that they are unfit parents
? Battered adult females’s efforts to protect themselves and their kids can besides give the false visual aspect that unfit parents.
? Work force who hitter are likely to hold chronic behavioural and emotional jobs that may non be easy detected.
? Many provinces are reacting to these concerns by ordaining Torahs the require domestic force to be considered in kid detention findings an sometimes presume that the maltreater should non hold articulation or exclusive detention. Other legislative acts address concerns over trial mediation, child abduction and child forsaking.
He besides stated in this brief more research is needed in the field, our current pattern wisdom and societal scientific discipline research indicate that:
? Work force who hitter should seldom hold sole or joint detention of their kids
? Divorce separation and /or intervention of the maltreater do non vouch that the maltreatment of the adult females ands kids will halt
? Trial needs to be supervised in many instances or restricted in other ways.
? Battered adult females need to be allowed exclusions from mandated mediation
? Batter adult females
should be allowed to relocate with their kids at a safe distance from their ex-partners and non be labeled? uncooperative? if they do no want to co parent.
I besides believe that in instances affecting domestic force and trial between the batterer and his kids should be supervised. Time and clip once more you hear of kids being abducted by a parent. ( Sheeran & A; Hampton, M.A, 1999, 13 ) Alarmingly, the dangers that culprits pose to their victims and kids do non discontinue when the relationship ends, Rather, separation additions hazard and creates a new set to threats their emotional and physical wellbeing. It has been proven that victim is at hazard for go oning maltreatment from that batterers during unsupervised trial, in some cases battered adult females have been killed. ( Sheeran & A; Hampton, M.A, 14 ) Many beat-up adult females study menaces against their lives during trial and exchanges and some, in fact are killed in those contexts. The Commission on Domestic Violence Fatalities in New York found that of 57 deceases studied. , detention differences were at the root of three homicides, two of which were committed in connexion with exchange of the kids. Victim and their kids need to be protected by the tribunals when it comes to make up one’s minding if the batterers should hold trial or detention of their kids. ( Sheeran & A; Hampton, M.A, 14, 15 ) The National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges recommends that states follow a rebuttable given that it is non in the best involvement of a kid and is damaging to a kid to be placed in sole or jo8ing detention with a culprit of household force. The rebuttable given makes it harder for opprobrious parents to derive detention and raises the safety and wellbeing of victim-parents and kids about other? best involvement? criterions by and large applied to child detention findings. By December 1998, 14 provinces gave extra weight to the issue of domestic force by ordaining statute law based in some portion on the rebuttalble given found in the Model Code on Domestic and Family Violence. This Model Code sets forth conditions for presenting trial in instances affecting domestic force stating:
? A tribunal may present trial by a parent who committed domestic or household force merely if the tribunal finds that equal proviso for the safety of the kid and the parent who is a victim of domestic or household force can be made?
Included within this subdivision of the Model Code tribunals are now able to make up one’s mind where batterers can pick up their kids, supervised trial, holding batterer attend batterers plan, have the batterer wage for supervising and ( Sheeran & A; Hampton, M.A, 1999, 16 ) to post a bond for the return of the kid and no nightlong trial. Besides maintaining the kid and victims address confidential.
Batterer should besides be mandated by the tribunals to go to batterer plans, although in surveies done about work forces who attend buffeting jobs have non ever halt the batterer from buffeting, There have been instances where it has help batterer to understand how his behaviour has put his household in danger and the psychologically affects of his behaviour. Georgia Commission on Family Violence recommended the undermentioned protocol for batterers categories. ( Georgia Commission on Family Violence, 2000, foreword ) Engagement in a batterers plan does non see safety for victims. Not all batterers are appropriate campaigners for batterers counseling/education plans. ( Garrity, 1994, 2 ) We must understand that banging is non an? unwellness? that can be? treated?; in the usage of the work? handle? or? intervention? in batterer plans implies single pathology, and implies? remedy? . We know that there is ne’er a manner to estimate a adult male’s dangerousness or potency for continued banging, no affair what plan he participates in or how compliant he seems to be in seems in the plan.
In order for batterer’s plan to work the batterer must admit that he has a job. Harmonizing to the National Crime Prevention Council fact sheet batterers must accept the fact that their violent behaviour will destruct their household. They must understand they are interrupting the jurisprudence when they physically hurt person. They must take duty for your actions and acquire aid.
As you can see from the research usage in this paper that there is a demand for all bureaus to work together in order to guarantee the safety of victims and their kids. Removing kids from the victim is non a solution for the series of jobs cause by domestic force. The first measure in join forcesing the attempts of domestic force bureau and kid public assistance bureau in order to protect the victim and her kids. Stairss have been taken to unite the attempts of these two bureaus. ( Aron & A; Olson, 1997, 1 ) Agencies are reviewing their policies and processs for preparation, probe, appraisal, instance direction, and other activities in visible radiation of this new thought. ( Aron & A; Olson, 2 ) Changes to child public assistance bureau pattern around domestic force will besides profit form collaborative policy development with constabularies, civil and condemnable tribunals, corrections ( probation and word ) , the schools and local clinic and infirmary.
There are 16 rules that need to follow in order to join forces the attempts of the bureau reference above. ( Schechter & A; Edleson, 1999, 14 ) :
1. Leader of the community and its establishment should fall in together to set up responses to domestic force and child ill-treatment that offer meaningful aid to households including protections for all the victims from physical injury: equal societal and economic supports for households; and entree to services that are respectful, culturally relevant, and antiphonal to the alone strengths and concerns of households. Simultaneously, the culprits responsible for their opprobrious behaviour and supply a assortment of legal intercession and societal services to halt this force.
2. Child protection services, domestic force bureaus, juvenile tribunals and neighborhood occupants should supply leading to convey communities together to join forces for the safety, good being and stableness of kids and households sing domestic force and kid ill-treatment.
3. Local, province and federal authoritiess and bureaus should spread out significantly and reapportion existing resources in order to make safety, good being, and stableness for households sing force and kid ill-treatment.
4. Child protection services, domestic force bureaus ad juvenile tribunals should handle all people who come before them with regard and self-respect.
5. Child protection services, domestic force plans, and juvenile tribunals must be committed to constructing internal capacity to react efficaciously to households in which double signifiers of maltreatment exist.
6. When doing determinations and policies about information revelation, juvenile tribunals and kid protection bureaus should equilibrate ( a ) the demand for information required to turn out the happening of child ill-treatment and to maintain kids safe with ( B ) the demand for beat-up adult females to maintain information confidential in order to keep and be after efficaciously for their safety.
7. Local, province and federal bureaus should join forces to develop information assemblage and rating systems to find the intended and intended results of collaborative attempts to function households sing domestic force and kid ill-treatment.
8. Child protection services and community-based kid public assistance bureaus should join forces with domestic force organisations and juvenile tribunals to supply leading in developing new services and publically jointing the demand for extra resources in order to advance household safety.
9. Child protection services should better the capacity to advance safety for all household members.
10. Child protection workers should develop service programs and referral that focus on the safety, stableness and wellbeing of all victims of household force and that hold domestic force culprits accountable.
11. Domestic force organisations, in coaction with kid protection services, kid public assistance bureaus, juvenile tribunals and other community spouses, should supply leading to advance coactions develop new resources for grownups and child safety and good being.
12. Domestic force organisation should develop further their internal capacity to react to the safety and support demands of households sing domestic force and kid maltreatment/
13. Interventions with culprits of domestic force should be portion of larger, coordinated webs of condemnable justness responses and community services, should turn to the safety and wellbeing of both kid and grownup victims, and should keep culprits accountable for halting violent and baleful behaviour.
14. Judges and other members of tribunal systems should take part to the full in national and local attempts to better juvenile tribunals. Such attempts include engagement in the national tribunal betterment enterprise, join forcesing with national organisation such as the Family Court Judges ( National Council ) and the American Bar Association ( ABA ) and outstanding single legal powers across the state.
15. The individual who is responsible for the operation of the juvenile tribunal is the justice. All participants in the juvenile tribunal expression to the justice for leading in making the ends and authorizations of the juvenile tribunal jurisprudence. The justice must accept leading responsible for guaranting that the ends of the juvenile tribunals are realized.
16. All members of the juvenile tribunal system must follow best patterns for the direction of instances affecting child ill-treatment and domestic force.
In order to be able to follow these 16 rule that has to alterations with federal and province Torahs. ( Matthews, 1999, 51,52,53,55 ) Congress? foremost major attempt to turn to domestic force was the Family Violence Prevention and Services ACT, enacted in 1984. This statute law was designed to increase public consciousness? . Ten old ages subsequently the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 ( VAWA ) was passed, reflecting a turning national acknowledgment that domestic force remains a serious job. VAWA included commissariats to better jurisprudence enforcement, condemnable justness and province tribunal system response to domestic force intercession, and reding plans and protect immigrant adult females from exile. In response to the spreads in VAWA a new legislative proposal, the Violence Against Women Act of 1999 had been introduced in Congress. The current version of VAMA? 99 besides included new commissariats? . The most important of these for kids include: support supervised trial centres for kids in households affected by domestic force. ( This Act was passed by Senate on 10/11/00 )
The Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act in 1980 federal policymaking and support have influenced the development of province kid public assistance systems. Under AACWA province kids public assistance bureaus must do sensible attempts to avoid taking the kid from the place by offering services to turn to the jobs doing hazard to the kid. Besides in instances in which the kid must be removed from place, the bureau must do sensible attempts to supply services so that the kid can safety return place.
? a major alteration of federal kid public assistance jurisprudence and policy was brought approximately by the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. ASFA has some distressing deductions for kids affected by domestic force. The new, shorter clip lines for Foster attention instances are debatable for beat-up parents. Such parents may necessitate considerable sum of clip to take the measure necessary to guarantee their ain safety? . The execution of ASFA may escalate the hazards of unintended harmful effects of province public assistance Torahs on kids and rise the importance of province jurisprudence inventions.
In all instances affecting domestic force we must offer services to all involved. As supplier we must guarantee that every member of a household that has domestic force issue receive services. As citizens we must describe instances of domestic force to the constabulary so that the appropriate action can be taken against batterers. Victims should be referred to domestic force bureaus and if child public assistance become involved. These two bureaus must work together and recommend for the client in tribunal or with any other bureau that become involved to seek to do the victim and her kids safe. Politicians need to go through Torahs that will assist victims and their kids and non draw household apart. In domestic force instance the issue of neglecting to protect must be probe exhaustively to do certain that kids are non removed from the place unsuitably and if kids have to be removed so should the victim, because the she can non protect herself against her batterer. As you can see we all have a function in stoping the rhythm of maltreatment.
Bibliography
Mentions
Aron, L. Y. , & A; Olson, K. K. ( 1997, March ) . Attempts by kid public assistance bureaus to turn to domestic violence-The experiences of five communities. The Urban Institute, 1997.March, 1-3. Retrieved 11/05/2000 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //aspc.os.dhhs.gov/hsp/cyp/dv/intro.htm
Burt, T. ( 1999, Jumping ) . Caught in the crossfire: Children and domestic force. Domestic force through the eyes of a kid, 19-3, 1-3. Retrieved 11/03/00 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.snbw.org/Lifeline/child.htm
Carter, J. & A; Schechter, S. ( 1997, November ) . Child maltreatment and domestic force: Creating community partnerships for safe families.. Suggested Components of an Effective Child Welfare Response to Domestic Violence, , 1-15. Retrieved 10/20/00 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mincavaumn.edu/link/fvpfl.htm
Domestic Violence Information for Women ( 2000, July 31 ) . Why she stays … . Why did I stay, , 1-3. Retrieved 11/04/2000 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: /www.domestic-violence.net/dv/women/index.htm
Failure to Protect Work Group ( 1999, April ) . Charging battered female parents with” Failure to Protect” ; Still faulting the victim. , , 1-36.
Fantuzzo, J. W. , & A; Mohr, W. K. ( 1999, Winter ) . Prevalence and effects of kid exposure to domestic force. The Future of Children DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND CHILDREN, 9. No3, 22-31. Retrieved 11/04/00 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.futureofchildren.org/dvc
Garrity, R. ( 1994 ) . New York province alliance against domestic force on batterers’plan. , , 1-5. Retrieved 11/05/2000 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. comnet.orgbisc/standards/nyposi.html
Georgia Commission on Family Violence ( 2000 ) . Model protocol for batterers categories. , , 1-12. Retrieved 11/05/00 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.athens.net/~rblum/fvsbat.html
Groves, B. M. ( 1999, Winter ) . Mental Health Services for Children who witness domestic force. The Future of Children DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND CHILDREN, 9 No3, 122-132. Retrieved 11/04/00 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.futureofchildren.org/dvc
Lemon, N. K. ( 1999, Winter ) . The legal system’s response to kids exposed to domestic force. The Future of Children DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ADN CHILDREN, 9 No3, 67-83. Retrieved 11/04/2000 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.future of children.org/dvc
Saint matthews, M. A. ( 1999, Winter ) . The impact of federal and province Torahs on kids exposed to domestic violence.. The Future of Children DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND CHILDREN, 9 No3, 50-66. Retrieved 11/04/00 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.futureofchildren.org/dvc
National Crime Prevention Council ( 2000 ) . Domestic violence-The hidden offense. Self, Home, and Family Protect Yourself, , 1-3. Retrieved 11/05/2000 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncpc.org/1safe3dc.htm
Saunders, D. G.PH.D. ( 1998, August ) . In brief: Child detention and trial determinations in domestic force instances: Legal tendencies, research findings. and recommendations. Violence Against Women Online Resources, August 1998, 1-11. Retrieved 10/20/00 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vaw.umn.edu
Schechter, S. & A; Edleson, J. L. ( 1999 ) . Effective intercession in domestic force & A; child ill-treatment instances: Guidelines for policy and pattern. Reno, Nevada: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.
Sheeran, M. & A; Hampton, B. .M.A ( 1999, Jumping ) . Supervised trial in instances of domestic force. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, , .
