In Jack London’s short story “To Build a Fire,” the protagonist embarks on a challenging journey through the harsh winter of the Yukon. While his companions opt for a shorter route, he decides to search for logs along a longer path. After several days, he finally catches sight of sunlight and hopes to reach the cabin where his friends await him by 6 P.M. However, as night descends, the narrative illustrates how the man’s stubbornness ultimately leads to his downfall. Through skillful storytelling, London effectively depicts the man’s determination to ignore his instincts and persist in pursuit of his goal.
In this story, the cold serves as the antagonist, being blistering at 75 degrees below zero. The author effectively portrays the intense cold through vivid descriptions. The dog exhibits an instinctive understanding of the perilous conditions, hesitating and observing the man’s movements in anticipation of seeking warmth and safety. However, the man persists in his determination to achieve his objective, despite the dangers involved.
In the story, the man encounters a creek that becomes his guide but also poses dangers. He was warned about these dangers by an old man who serves as a representation of his conscience and is mentioned whenever something bad happens. The creek has hidden springs beneath the ice that can harm unsuspecting visitors, symbolizing the unknown. Despite the risks, the man takes them in order to return to the cabin he desires. During this time, when he builds a fire to eat despite freezing cold temperatures, the dog is puzzled but still follows him.
During his journey, the man faces peril as he plunges into the icy water when the ice cracks. Upon awakening, he becomes aware that his time to live is dwindling. Despite attempting to hurry, it becomes clear that it’s already too tardy. In a fatal mistake fueled by his obstinacy, rather than seeking refuge for the evening, the man opts to ignite a fire.
Despite managing to start a fire, the man’s efforts are foiled when snow falls from the tree above and puts it out. At this point, he is almost frozen. Although he tries to make another fire, he fails. Recognizing that he could use the dog for warmth, he contemplates killing it. However, the dog is clever and senses his intentions, keeping its distance. The man’s impending death is drawing near, but he persists by attempting to run to the cabin. Eventually, exhaustion overcomes him and he dies next to a tree with the dog still beside him. The dog wonders why the man is in the snow without a fire until it realizes that he has passed away. It comprehends that it must continue alone in order to reach the cabin.
The story highlights the notion that being stubborn and persisting against all odds may not always be the wisest decision. Despite clear warnings, the protagonist continues on his journey, with an old-timer as his conscience. The dog constantly questions the man’s choices throughout the narrative. It is ironic that a dog serves as the man’s companion instead of a human, who could have provided guidance to alter the story’s outcome significantly.
