Parenting styles involve different approaches to raising children that directly or indirectly impact their development in various aspects. Developmental psychologists analyze multiple facets of growth, such as physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, emotional, and personality aspects. The study’s goal was to establish the positive and negative correlations between specific parenting styles and children’s behaviors while evaluating their overall influence on children. Moreover, the research aimed to discover effective parenting techniques for fostering children’s development.
Developmental psychologists have extensively researched the impact of parenting styles on child development. However, establishing a direct link between particular parental actions and their influence on children’s behavior is challenging. It is noteworthy that children from different backgrounds can display comparable personalities, whereas siblings brought up in the same household and environment may possess contrasting personalities.
The correlation between parenting styles and behavior is the foundation of research on the topic, although it cannot establish a definitive cause. Nonetheless, researchers have discovered convincing connections between parenting styles and their impact on children. In my literature review, I will explore these links and the corresponding studies. One such study, conducted by Elizabeth Shall, ABA Taliban Manson, Abdullah Romania, and Manson Marine, specifically investigated the relationship between parenting style and children’s behavior problems.
The study included 681 students from levels 3, 4, and 5 in elementary school in Tehran. These students were selected from eight schools. Through cluster random sampling, the mothers of these students were identified. The sample consisted of 347 girls from four schools and 334 boys from four schools. The mothers were given a Children’s Behavioral Checklist (CB) Questionnaire and a Parent Authority Questionnaire (PAS). The purpose of the Parent Authority Questionnaire was to assess Blanding’s tatterdemalions, including Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive parenting styles.
The Children’s Behavioral Checklist includes forms for evaluating competence and emotional-behavioral issues. The research discovered a notable connection between the parenting style of mothers and behavioral problems in kids. In particular, children of authoritative mothers demonstrated a negative association with internalizing symptoms, while those with permissive mothers displayed a positive association.
In summary, the study found a strong correlation between Authoritarian mothers and both internalizing and externalizing behaviors in children. However, it is important to note that this research only focused on factors related to children misbehaving and did not consider other influential factors such as age, genetics, economics, peer pressure, parent’s income, society, and school. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the study only included data from women and excluded men’s parenting styles.
It is important to recognize that the information obtained from parents’ questionnaires may not accurately reflect their families, potentially resulting in misleading or incorrect data. A study conducted by ?ender Fully and Sentences Wilma Hasty investigated how life satisfaction and parenting styles influence delinquent behaviors among high school students. The research included 881 students from grades 9-12 who attended twelve public high schools in Danna central province, with ages ranging between 14 and 19 years old.
In the second phase, a total of 502 students were categorized as having either a low or high level of delinquent behaviors. The breakdown by grade was as follows: 243 students from 9th grade, 87 students from 10th grade, 91 students from 11th grade, and 81 students from 12th grade.
Among the mothers of these identified students, there were a total of82 who were illiterate. In contrast, among the fathers, only seven were found to be illiterate.
Furthermore, it was determined that there were240 mothers and233 fathers who had completed primary school. In addition to this,98 mothers andfathers had finished middle school. Additionally,it was discovered that72 mothers and107 fathers had completed high school.Finally,a total of24mothers and48fathers had achieved university degrees.
In a study, researchers requested parents from different groups to fill out various questionnaires. These questionnaires included the Delinquency Scale (ADS), the Parenting Style Inventory (SSI), and the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MESS). The ADS is utilized to identify actions that would be deemed criminal if carried out by an adolescent and have legal ramifications. The SSI consists of 26 items and assesses acceptance/involvement, strictness/supervision, and psychological autonomy.
The Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MESS) is a self-report instrument consisting of 40 items that assess satisfaction in five life domains: family, school, friends, self, and living environment. According to the researchers’ findings, variables related to “strictness/supervision”, “school”, “family”, and “self” are positively correlated with delinquency and play a significant role in explaining it. However, this conclusion is solely based on the positive test results from 76.3% of the sample groups, while disregarding the remaining 23.7%. Despite having large sample sizes, the diverse characteristics of parents within the “delinquent” group may potentially skew the data and lead to misleading outcomes. The study incorporated various questionnaires, which could complicate the data analysis process without necessarily yielding clearer results. Another study conducted by Jabbed Farad, Anis-LU-Huge, and Rica Muhammad Envied investigates how parenting styles can predict emotion regulation among adolescents.
The study included 194 adolescents aged 12-15, in grades 7th-9th, who attended private secondary schools. These students were requested to complete the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAS) and the Early Adolescents Temperament Questionnaire (EATS). The PAS assessed Banding’s tatterdemalions: Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive parenting styles. The EATS consisted of subsets such as attention shifting and focusing, inhibitory control, and activation control.
According to the study, permissive parenting styles from both mothers and fathers are strongly linked to inadequate emotional regulation. It is crucial to acknowledge that the sample size is limited as the data was gathered from a private school. Moreover, since the data solely reflects a private school, it may not accurately depict the entire population.
The study excluded children from single-parent households and instead concentrated on middle-class parents with moderate incomes. It is worth mentioning that certain children may have provided inaccurate responses to their questionnaires. Conducted by Tong Liana, Shanghais Rooky, Jigsaw Yuk, Tanana Mike, Mammary Khaki, Sawed Yukon, Sushi Yukon, and Name Toke, a Longitudinal study investigated the connection between the parenting style of working mothers and consistency in early childhood development.
A total of 504 participants, including both children and their mothers, were selected from 41 care facilities in Japan to participate in the study. The mothers supplied details about their parenting practices and the home environment, while service providers assessed the development of each child at the facilities. Child development was gauged using six main indicators: gross motor skills, fine motor skills, social competence, communication skills, vocabulary, and intelligence. Environmental stimulation was evaluated by considering human stimulation, avoidance of restriction, social stimulation, and support.
In 2004 and 2006, childcare professionals evaluated the developmental scales of each child. The study found a notable connection between Alden’s gross motor development and his mother’s parenting practices at the start of the study. This research included children of various ages but excluded those with mental disabilities. Its focus was specifically on examining the relationship between a working mother and her child, without considering the impact of a working father’s parenting style or influence on the child.
Furthermore, to achieve more insightful findings, it would be advantageous to extend the study beyond the initial 2-year period. A research conducted by Parasitic Sahara, Montmartre Mona, Houseboy Fatima, Submit Measuring, and En Salina investigated the impact of various types of parents on the academic performance of Iranian high school students aged 15 to 17. The study encompassed a total sample size of 546 participants with a breakdown of 249 males and 297 females. Data collection involved administering two questionnaires: the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAS) and a self-demographic report that included their current Grade Point Average.
The study discovered that there was no notable connection between academic performance and either parent practicing authoritative or authoritarian parenting. Nevertheless, the study did find a significant association between academic achievement and permissive parenting by the mother, as well as authoritative parenting by the father.
The study focused on individuals aged fifteen to seventeen, making it difficult to definitively establish if these correlations would be applicable to children in other age ranges. The dependability of the data relies on participants’ truthfulness, thus it cannot be considered as definitive proof. Multiple factors impact parental styles that influence children’s behavior. Although the specific links between parenting styles and behavior may still be unclear, correlation research has contributed to improving our understanding of the parental styles that generate these connections.
After conducting research, I have found that various parenting styles have both positive and negative associations with children’s behavior. It seems that being strict can effectively manage delinquency, while permissive parenting can address behavioral problems. Additionally, combining authoritative and permissive approaches to parenting may have academic benefits for children. Furthermore, the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAS) is widely used and respected in studies.
