The modern concept of ventilation implies not only the replacement of vitiated air by a supply of fresh outdoor air, but also control of the quality of incoming air with regard to its temperature, humidity and purity with a view to provide a thermal environment that is comfortable and free from risk of infection.
The EPA has identified indoor air quality as one of the five most urgent environmental risks to public health. The majority of all infections and allergies are passed from one person to the other through the air. The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine reports that exposure to indoor pollutants is a key contributor to the asthma problem of this nation. Today’s tighter, better insulated homes limit natural ventilation and trap indoor air contaminants inside.
The main sources of Metro Manila’s water supply are the Angat, Ipo, and La Mesa Dams. The water from these dams are then processed by the La Mesa and Balara Treatment Plants, which converts it from a raw state to clean and potable water. The water from the Angat Dam, the major supply source for the metropolis, is funneled directly to Ipo Dam.
It then flows a distance of 6. 4 kilometers to Bicti, after which it passes through five aqueducts—each about 16 kilometers long—to the La Mesa Dam and the La Mesa Portal. From the La Mesa Portal, 60% of the flow goes to the nearby La Mesa Treatment Plant, out of which another 40% again travels a distance of 6. 8 kilometers to the Balara Treatment Plant. The La Mesa Water Treatment Plant, with very minimal electromechanical equipment, relies mostly on water’s hydraulic properties to backwash its filter and gravity to convey raw water from the source into the plant and out into the distribution system.
It can only process 2,400 MLD (million liters per day) of raw water, while the Balara Treatment Plant, which has a full production capacity of 1,600 MLD, can supply more than 6 million people throughout the metropolis. When both Balara and La Mesa Treatment Plants are operation, the total processing capacity will be 4,000 mld. The La Mesa Water Treatment Plant serves the western half of Metro Manila, while the existing Balara Water Treatment Plant supplies the eastern half. 3Single-bowl Kitchen SinkTHISmainly consists of a single large sink and is a great option for kitchens with limited space.
To allow more flexibility at the workplace, dual sinks or double bowl sinks are very convenient and handy. Triple-bowl Kitchen SinkThis type of sink is mainly meant for large families and is multiple task-oriented. Gourmet SinkIf you are looking for something trendy and stylish to upgrade your kitchen sink, then the gourmet sink is what you should be using for your kitchen. Self Rimming Sinks The self rimming sink is very easy to install and can be easily replaced without damaging the countertop of your kitchen.
This form of sink is very common in kitchens and is regarded as a good choice, as it works with countertops made out. Bar SinkThis is also referred to as a prep sink or an entertainment sink and is quite small in size, as compared to a traditional kitchen sink. 4grease trap, sometimes called a grease interceptor, is a piece of restaurant equipment that is required in many regions to keep the sewers functional.
It acts as a filter to remove fats and oils from water before it enters the municipal waste system. All electrical lines should be concealed within the building structure to as great an extent as possible or encased in an approved sealed containment. Where this is not possible to conceal conduit, such as on cement block walls during remodels, all runs shall be at least 1/2 inch away from the walls or ceiling and six (6) inches off the floor. Avoid exposed horizontal runs of conduit, as they collect dust and debris, and are often neglected by cleaning crews for fear of being shocked.
Where conduit or pipe lines enter a wall, ceiling or floor, the opening around the line shall be tightly sealed in order to take away pest hiding places and passageways. Pipes passing through exterior walls may need to have gaps over 1/4 inch covered with metal flashing in addition to being caulked, in order to prevent rodent entry. Extension cords, conduits or pipe lines shall not be installed across any aisle, traffic area or door opening.
The light intensity requirements listed below are to be measured 30 inches from the floor with a light meter. 50 footcandles – In all food preparation areas and where safety is a factor, such as near processing equipment 20 footcandles – In all warewashing areas, utensil storage areas, toilet rooms, retail sales areas of grocery stores, and salad bars. 10 footcandles – In all parts of refrigerated and dry food storage areas, and in other areas during periods of cleaning. Darker colored walls and floors may require additional lighting.
Dimmer switches may be a suitable alternative for use in bars and dining areas to increase lighting during cleaning times. In refrigerated walk-in units, use incandescent lighting or install fluorescent lights with cold-tolerant ballasts and vapor-proof fixtures. Install lights so that lighting will not be obstructed by food stored on shelves. Light bulbs or fluorescent tubes in areas where food is prepared, open food is stored or displayed, or where utensils are cleaned and stored, shall be of coated, shatterproof construction. Alternatively, light fixtures may be protected with shatterproof shields or lens covers.
Fluorescent lighting not inside fixtures with lens covers need plastic sleeves with end caps installed. Light shields made of open wire framing are not approved. Heat lamps, where permitted, shall be protected against breakage by a shield surrounding and extending beyond the bulb, leaving only the face of the bulb exposed.
