The economists R. D. Norton and S. Y. Rhea achieved some success in applying such a (5) model retrospectively to the Korean economy over a fourteen-year period; the model’s figures for output, prices, and other variables closely matched real statistics. The model’s value in policy terms, however, proved less clearest. Norton (10) and Rhea performed simulations in which, keeping long-term factors constant, they tried to pinpoint the effect of short-term policy changes.
Their model indicated that rising prices for imported oil would increase inflation; reducing (15) export TTS by five percent would lower Gross Domestic Product and increase inflation; ND slowing the growth of the money supply would result in slightly higher inflation. These findings are somewhat star tiling. (20) Many economists have argued that reducing exports will lessen, not increase, inflation. And while most view escalating oil costs as inflationary, few would think the same of slower monetary growth.
The Norton-Rhea model can perhaps be (25) viewed as indicating the pitfalls of a formalist approach that stresses statistical “goodness of fit” at the expense of genuine policy relevance. 1 . The author is primarily concerned with (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) proposing a new type of economic analysis criticizing an overly formal economic model advocating the use of statistical models in determining economic policy suggesting an explanation for Korean inflation determining the accuracy of Norton and Rhea’s analysis 2.
The author mentions “a fourteen-year period” (line 6) in order to (A) indicate how far into the future Norton and Rhea’s model can make accurate predictions acknowledge the accuracy of Norton and Rhea’s model in accounting for past events explain the effect of reducing exports on inflation demonstrate the startling nature of Norton and Rhea’s findings expose the flaws in Norton and Rhea’s model 08 3.
The most significant criticism leveled against Norton and Rhea’s model is that it (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) excludes key statistical variables is too abstract to be useful in policy making fails to adjust for Koreans high rate of inflation underestimates the importance of economic growth fails to consider the effect of short-term variations in the economy 4.
It can be inferred that the most surprising finding of the Norton-Rhea study is that (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) reducing exports would reduce inflation high oil prices worsen inflation an increase in exports can slow the rate of growth slower monetary expansion would worsen inflation long-term factors do not affect economic growth 209 A basic principle of ecology is that population size is partly a reflection of available food resources. Recent experiments suggest that the relationship is more complex than formerly (5) thought.
Specifically, the browsing of certain rodents appears to trigger chemical reactions in food plants which, in turn, affect the size of the rodent populations. Two examples of such regulation have been reported. Berger has demonstrated the power of a Nat(10) aurally occurring chemical called 6-MAMBO to template reproductive behavior in the mountain vole, a small mouse-like rodent. 6- MAMBO forms in young grass in response to browsing by voles. (15) Berger experimented by feeding oats coated with 6-MAMBO to non-breeding winter populations of voles.
After three weeks, she found a high incidence of pregnancy among females. Since the timing of reproduction is crucial to the short-lived (20) vole in an environment in which the onset of vegetative growth may be considerably delayed, the photochemical triggering of reproductive behavior represents a significant biological adaptation. In an example reported by Bryant, plants (25) appear to have developed a photochemical defense against the depredations of snowshoe hares in Canada.
Every ten years, for reasons that are unclear, the hare population swells. The result is overgrowing of certain deciduous trees (30) and shrubs. Bryant found that trees favored by the hare produce young shoots high in terrine and phonetic resins, which discourage hare browsing. After treating non- resinous willow twigs with resinous extracts and placing treated and (35) untreated samples at hare feeding stations, Bryant found that samples containing at least half of the resin concentration of natural twigs were untouched.
The avoidance of resinous shoots, he concludes, may play a role in the (40) decline of the hare population to normal levels. Both of these reports suggest areas for further research. For example, data should be reviewed to determine if periodic population explosions among lemmings (another small (45) rodent living in a northern environment) occur during years in which there is an early onset of vegetative growth; if so, a triggering mechanism similar to that prompted by the vole may be involved. . The author provides specific information to answer which of the following questions? A) (B) (C) (D) (E) What factors other than food supply affect the population size of rodents? Why is the timing of the voles’ reproductive effort important? Are photochemical reactions found only in northern environments? How does 6-MAMBO trigger reproductive activity in the mountain vole? What are the causes of the periodic increase in the snowshoe hare population? 6.
The passage describes the effect of 6-MAMBO on voles as a “significant biological adaptation” (line 23) because it (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) limits reproductive behavior in times of food scarcity prompts the vole population to seek new food sources supports pieces survival during periods of fluctuating food supply maximizes the number of offspring in individual litters minimizes territorial competition 7. Which of the following statements can be inferred about plant shoots containing large amounts of terrine and phonetic resins? I. II. Ill. A) (B) (C) (D) (E) They serve as a form of natural defense. Their growth is stimulated by increases in the hare population. They are unappealing to hares. I only II only Ill only I and Ill only l, II, and 210 8. It can be inferred that the study of lemmings proposed by the author would robbery (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) strengthen the conclusions of Bryant cast doubt on the conclusions of Bryant support the specific findings of Berger provide evidence as to whether Burger’s conclusions can be generalized disprove common beliefs about the relationship between population size and food supply 10.
Breast’s interpretation of the results of his experiment (lines 36-38) depends on which of the following assumptions? (A) The response of hares to resinous substances may be different in nature than under experimental conditions. The periodic rise in the hare population is triggered by an unknown photochemical espouse. Many hares will starve to death rather than eat resinous shoots. Hares alter their breeding behavior in response to the declining availability of food.
Significant numbers of hares die from ingesting the resins in shoots. 9. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) reviewing findings about photochemical regulation of rodent populations outlining the role of 6- MAMBO in regulating population size summarizing knowledge on population size of rodents explaining why earlier studies of population size were wrong describing mechanisms used by plants to protect themselves (E) 1 .
The experiments described in the passage did each of the following EXCEPT (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) measure changes in the behavior of test animals measure changes in the populations of experimental animals simulate a hypothesized photochemical effect in nature measure the consumption of foods by test animals analyze the effects of food on breeding behavior 211 There is an intriguing note to the current call upon civil rights law to help remedy the undervaluation of women’s work.
Until fairly recently, government was not expected to solve workers’ CEO(5) anomic grievances, however valid they might be. Many assumed that the responsibility lay with workers themselves. Collective bargaining was the preferred instrument for pursuing pay equity for women. Rather than call upon the law to erg(10) elate the market from the outside, one could try to reshape or otherwise influence the market so that women themselves would be better able to address the problem.
This could be done by raising absolute wage levels in low- paying, preformed(1 5) neatly female industries (such as retail clothing) or by changing the pay relationship between largely female and largely male occupations within a single industry, such as auto manufacturing. Through union representation, employees in trap(20) additionally female Jobs in an industry could identify the actual degree of underpayment of their work and then, as a group, pressure their employer to remedy it.
In addition, this process would encourage those affected-?men and women (25) alike-?to be sensitive to the limits of available resources, to be pragmatic about the pace at which the wage structure could be revised. I do not mean to suggest that collective bargaining is a foolproof means for closing the gene(30) deer gap in wages. To the extent that the problem involves the undervaluation of nonunion male occupations in an otherwise unionized industry, political hurdles will discourage unionized employees from supporting revisions in the wage (35) structure.
And to the extent that the problem is the concentration of women in low- paying industries-?textiles, for example-?the product market imposes serious economic constraints on a substantial closing of the wage gap. Despite the imperfections of tools like cool(40) elective bargaining for redressing wage disparities between men and women, a reliance on law or government is favorable for neither individual firms nor our economy as a whole.
Nonetheless, (45) although opponents f mandatory public remedies may correctly fear those remedies as being a cure worse than the disease, they are wrong when they imply that the current system of wage determination by business management is per(50) effect healthy. 12. In line 13, this most likely refers to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) increasing the wages of women and men in a single industry bringing about changes in market conditions changing the dynamic of collective bargaining relying on civil rights law to remedy economic grievances applying group pressure on an employer 13.
According to the author, the process of unionization and collective bargaining old do all of the following (A) overcome market pressures that keep wages in some industries lower than in others encourage worker flexibility in adjusting a new pay scale to economic conditions help workers to apply group pressure on employers aid in determining the degree to which women are being underpaid sensitizes workers to the limits of their industry ability to institute change.
