By behaving altruistically, would be the most common answer and by sacrificing one”s interests in favour of one”s friends. Friendship implies the converse of egoism, both psychologically and ethically. But then we say that the dog is “man”s best friend”. After all, it is characterized by unconditional love, by unselfish behaviour, by sacrifice, when necessary. Isn”t this the epitome of friendship? Apparently not. On the one hand, the dog”s friendship seems to be unaffected by long term calculations of personal benefit.But that is not to say that it is not affected by calculations of a short-term nature.
The owner, after all, looks after the dog and is the source of its subsistence and security. People and dogs have been known to have sacrificed their lives for less. The dog is selfish it clings and protects what it regards to be its territory and its property including and especially so – the owner. Thus, the first condition, seemingly not satisfied by canine attachment is that it be reasonably unselfish.
There are, however, more important conditions:a. For a real friendship to exist at least one of the friends must be a conscious and intelligent entity, possessed of mental states. It can be an individual, or a collective of individuals, but in both cases this requirement will similarly apply. There must be a minimal level of identical mental states between the terms of the equation of friendship. A human being cannot be friends with a tree at least not in the fullest sense of the word.
The behaviour must not be deterministic, lest it be interpreted as instinct driven. A conscious choice must be involved. This is a very surprising conclusion: the more “reliable”, the more “predictable” the less appreciated. Someone who reacts identically to similar situations, without dedicating a first, let alone a second thought to it “ his acts would be depreciated as “automatic responses”.For a pattern of behaviour to be described as “friendship”, these four conditions must be met: diminished egoism, conscious and intelligent agents, identical mental states allowing for the communication of the friendship and non-deterministic behaviour, the result of constant decision making.
A friendship can be and often is tested in view of these criteria. There is a paradox underlying the very notion of testing a friendship. A real friend would never test his friend”s commitment and allegiance. Anyone who puts his friend to a test deliberately would hardly qualify as a friend himself. But circumstances can put ALL the members of a friendship, all the individuals two or more in the “collective” to a test of friendship.
